Bisphenol A (BPA) accumulates in the environment at lethal concentrations because of its high production rate and utilization. BPA, originating from industrial effluent, plastic production, and consumer products, poses serious risks to both the environment and human health. The widespread aggregation of BPA leads to endocrine disruption, reactive oxygen species-mediated DNA damage, epigenetic modifications and carcinogenicity, which can disturb the normal homeostasis of the body. The living being in a population is subjected to BPA exposure via air, water and food. Globally, urinary analysis reports have shown higher BPA concentrations in all age groups, with children being particularly susceptible due to its occurrence in items such as milk bottles. The conventional methods are costly with a low removal rate. Since there is no proper eco-friendly and cost-effective degradation of BPA reported so far. The phytoremediation, green-biotechnology based method which is a cost-effective and renewable resource can be used to sequestrate BPA. Phytoremediation is observed in numerous plant species with different mechanisms to remove harmful contaminants. Plants normally undergo several improvements in genetic and molecular levels to withstand stress and lower levels of toxicants. But such natural adaptation requires more time and also higher concentration of contaminants may disrupt the normal growth, survival and yield of the plants. Therefore, natural or synthetic amendments and genetic modifications can improve the xenobiotics removal rate by the plants. Also, constructed wetlands technique utilizes the plant's phytoremediation mechanisms to remove industrial effluents and medical residues. In this review, we have discussed the limitations and futuristic advancement strategies for degrading BPA using phytoremediation-associated mechanisms.

Objective: Development of antimicrobial materials using nano approach and several industries like aquaculture greatly depend on novel biogenic materials. Biogenic techniques to develop nanomaterials with potent antimicrobial activity have been explored recently. The present study demonstrates the green synthesis of AgNPs using butter fruit (Persea americana) pulp extract and its antibacterial efficacy against the fish pathogen Providencia vermicola using Rohu fish. Results: The AgNPs were prepared and characterized using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The infrared spectroscopic analysis identified that the fruit biological molecules were involved in the stabilization of AgNPs. Transmission electron microscopic analysis revealed that particles size ranged from 20 to 50 nm. Further, the nanoparticles (5 µg) encapsulated fish feed were given to P. vermicola infected Rohu fish. The survival rate observed was 72 % in experimental group as compared to the control group. Total plate count and histopathological results indicated that the AgNPs treated groups showed significant reduction of bacterial population and restore the tissues in the normal range. Conclusion: The results suggest that the green synthesized (AgNPs) using butter fruit pulp have good efficiency in reducing the infection caused by P. vermicola in Rohu fish.