BACKGROUNDː The literature provides relatively few and incomplete studies on comparisons of body composition measurement procedures, especially when related to sport experience, gender and age. The purpose of this study was to compare and contrast the applicability of the bioelectric impedance (BIA) and the fourcomponent anthropometry (Drinkwater-Ross) methods among young athletes. METHODSː 142 school-aged competitive athletes (nmale=71; nfemale=71, Mage=11.72±2.33) from a suburb in Hungary participated in the study. Data collection included standard Drinkwater-Ross anthropometric fractionation (bone mass, muscle and fat mass, and residual mass, estimated by equations) and bioelectrical impedance analysis with measured muscle mass (SMM_Inbody) and body fat percentage (PBF%Inbody) methods. In order to better understand the higher standard correlations of the methods, Parízkova percentage of body fat (Parízkova BF%) was also included in the analysis. Data analysis was performed by gender and age range. RESULTSː According to the data, it seems that the muscle mass estimated by BIA (SMM Inbody) is higher than the Drinkwater-Ross estimation (eMM) both in males and females and in each age-group. Also, muscle mass is overestimated, meanwhile body fat% (PBF% Inbody) is underestimated by BIA compared to Parízkova BF%. However, our results show significant correlations (0.60.9, p<.001) between estimated fat mass and muscle mass in all cases (eMM, eFM); similarly, the estimated body fat percentages in all cases were strongly correlated (Parízkova BF% and PBF% Inbody). CONCLUSIONSː Correlational analyses proved that estimation of body fat mass, muscle mass, and percentage of body fat by BIA measurement are closely associated with both Drinkwater-Ross anthropometric fractionation and Parízkova. Our findings suggest that the (BIA) predictive performance is equally appropriate as other reference techniques (e.g. Drinkwater-Ross, Parízkova) in the case of young athletes. Consequently, both the device (bioelectrical impedance device) and the ease of use of the results make for a truly user-friendly and scientifically supported procedure.

Students who participate in well-planned and structured physical education (PE) lessons engage in significantly higher levels of physical activity than children who do not. Heart rate monitoring a useful tool to help both students and teachers understand the efficiency of the physical activity. The purpose of this study was to analyze primary school children’s body compositions and heart rates when performing different types of physical activities (gymnastics, mixed activities, ball games, athletics, and games). The sample included 10-12-year-old primary school boys (N=46) and girls (N=63) from the university’s cooperating school. To estimate their body compositions, standard anthropometric techniques were used. Polar RS400 heart rate monitors were used to monitor the heart rate of each child during the main parts of different types of physical education lessons. There were no differences between the genders for the body composition or for the maximal heart rate values in the different PE content areas. The lowest heart rate was recorded during gymnastics (148 beat*min-1), and the highest values were detected during the game activities and athletics (164.60 and 163.83 beat*min-1. For the mixed activities and ball games, the heart rates ranged between 154.06 and 156.52 beat*min-1. Physical activities that result in higher heart rate values required a greater contribution and adaptation of the cardiovascular system. However, activities that elicit a lower heart rate likely focus more on skill learning and acquisition. This data can be used as a resource for physical education teachers when planning and structuring PE classes.

BACKGROUND: Good aerobic capacity is one of the attributes of good cardiovascular function. Physical activity that is performed in steady state and the lower third zone of submaximal intensity seems appropriate for physiological adaptation in advancing age. There is a need to evaluate the effect of age on physiological variables contributing to aerobic capacity using submaximal intensities. The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences m oxygen uptake, oxygen pulse, and minute ventilation during exercise at steady state, ventilatory threshold, and maximal intensity zones among men of different ages. METHODS: Three hundred and twelve senior managers m three age groups (20-30, 30-40, and 40-50) completed an exercise protocol in six stages. RESULTS: Hie result demonstrated a series of differences among the age groups: height, weight, oxygen uptake, oxygen pulse and relative minute ventilation. Accordmg to these results the morphological physiological variables decline with age. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate the specificities of the morphological, ventilatory, metabolic, and cardiovascular changes throughout aging. When designing a physical activity program, it seems that similar principles can be followed in different age groups; however, maximal intensity maintenance is limited by physiological barriers m older adults. (Cite this article as: Ihasz F, Boros P, Szabo P. Olah A, Fueedi B. Bognar J. Age-dependent aerobic capacity among young and middle-aged males. Gazz Med Ital - Arch Sci Med 2016;175:68-75).

Adolescence represents a crucial developmental stage for career construction and future orientation, particularly among young athletes who demonstrate a high level of commitment to elite sport. However, empirical evidence regarding the preparatory phase of dual career during this stage remains limited. The aim of the present study was to explore how the personality traits of secondary school handball players, their sport career aspirations, their parallel educational ambitions, and their perceived developmental environment contribute to their career construction, and how these factors are reflected in the coaches' perceptions. The sample consisted of 507 registered secondary school handball players (M = 16.36 ± 2.19 years) and 279 coaches (M = 44.60 ± 12.74 years). Data were collected using the Erasmus+ DC4AC questionnaire. Descriptive statistical indicators and independent two sample t-tests were applied during the analysis. The results indicate that athletes perceive themselves as curious, confident, and relatively prepared for life after sport, and at the same time reporting lower levels of concern regarding their future and dual career issues. Respondents perceive developmental practices primarily as oriented toward physical and sport-specific development, while psychological, academic, and social dimensions receive less emphasis. Significant perceptual differences were identified between athletes and coaches, particularly regarding preparedness and holistic development and gender differences revealed additional nuances in future orientation and developmental priorities (p < 0.05). The findings highlight the importance of a holistic and institutionally supported dual career approach in adolescent talent development sport, which may strengthen career adaptability and reduce risks associated with a one-sided athletic identity.