Achieving Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger) by 2030 remains a persistent global challenge, especially under current overlapping crises such as climate change, economic instability, and geopolitical conflicts. This study critically analyzes the food security strategies of twelve countries across four income groups, as classified by the World Bank: Low-Income (Malawi, Afghanistan, Ethiopia), Lower-Middle-Income (Nigeria, India, Lebanon), Upper-Middle-Income (Maldives, Brazil, China) and High-Income (Canada, Germany, United Arab Emirates). Using a structured narrative review of national policies and programs (2016–2024) sourced from academic databases, government publications, and international reports, we assess the alignment of strategies with the sustainability pillars (economic, social, environmental) and six key agri-food system interventions. Findings show that lower-income countries emphasize social protection and foundational agriculture (e.g., Ethiopia’s safety net improved food security by 30%), while higher-income nations focus on technological and environmental innovations (e.g., Germany aims to reduce nutrient losses by 50% by 2030). However, 10 of the 12 countries are off track, progressing at less than 50% of the rate needed. China (80% SDG2 score), Canada (70%), and Afghanistan (35%) demonstrate the widespread nature of this trend across varying income groups. The study underscores the urgency for integrated, context-specific strategies, enhanced international cooperation, and financing to accelerate progress toward Zero Hunger.

Glyphosate, a widely used non-selective herbicide, has been a subject of intense scientific debate due to its environmental persistence and potential health risks. This review examines glyphosate’s mechanisms of action, its effects on crop production, and its broader environmental impact, including soil degradation, water contamination, and biodiversity loss. Furthermore, it examines the expanding body of research linking glyphosate exposure to various human health concerns, including metabolic, neurological, reproductive, and oncological disorders. The review also assesses glyphosate’s role in hindering the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those related to food security, health, access to clean water, and the protection of marine ecosystems. Finally, potential alternatives to glyphosate-based weed control, including organic and non-chemical methods, are discussed to promote sustainable agricultural practices that balance productivity with ecological and public health considerations. The evidence reviewed highlights glyphosate’s pervasive presence across ecosystems and its potential to disrupt both environmental and human health. The findings underscore the urgent need to regulate glyphosate use, prioritize soil and water protection, and accelerate the transition toward sustainable, low-toxicity weed management strategies that align with global sustainability objectives.