K. Kozma

56313850800

Publications - 11

Enhancing 3D Precision: Point Cloud Upsampling Methods — A Review

K. Kozma Szeverin Oláh Árpád Barsi

Publication Name: Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering

Publication Date: 2025-08-19

Volume: 69

Issue: 3

Page Range: 689-702

Description:

Enhancing the resolution of point clouds is crucial in achieving detailed and precise 3D representations for various applications. Factors such as sensor calibration, scanning range, and environmental capability play a pivotal role in determining the overall quality of the captured point cloud data. Moreover, issues related to noise, occlusions, and sensor limitations can further impact the accuracy of the modelling outcome, underscoring the importance of optimizing point cloud resolution. Thus, researchers started to build new architectures with the aim of produce more dense and complete representation with higher resolution. Different methods have been created to achieve successful upsampling, such as interpolation techniques, deep learning strategies, and optimization algorithms. In this paper, we take a closer look at this exceptionally fast-developing field of science. According to this aim, the reader will better understand point cloud upsampling technology.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3311/PPci.38617

Extraction System Efficiency Assessment Based on Workplace Airspace and Emissions Measurements

K. Kozma Dorka Kof-Kiss

Publication Name: Chemical Engineering Transactions

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 114

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 757-762

Description:

Protecting air quality is crucial to protecting human health and the environment. In addition to minimising the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere, reducing exposure to chemical agents in the workplace air is becoming increasingly important. The research will demonstrate the importance and effectiveness of technological extraction ventilation systems used in industry through a workplace air quality measurement in a 3D printer laboratory. In our study, the emissions of air pollutants into the environment were measured by emission measurements and the impact area was determined by calculation. It was clear from the results that the concentrations of methanol and phenol were below the detection limit, so this technology does not produce these substances in concentrations that can be measured. However, in the case of e-caprolactam, a typical air pollutant in several 3D printing technologies, an exceedance of the limit was observed in the phase without the extraction system. The limit value was exceeded by 1.91 %, which represents an increased exposure. The tests carried out clearly demonstrated that concentrations in the workplace airspace were reduced by a tenth in all cases after the installation of the extraction system. The installed, activated carbon filtration system captured 90 % of the volatile organic compounds. The effectiveness of the system is greatly enhanced by the design of the disposal strategy, the use of Best Available Technology (BAT) and the filter incorporated in the extraction system.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3303/CET24114127

CRUSHED STONE SUPPLY CHALLENGES FOR INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN HUNGARY

Szabolcs Fischer K. Kozma R. Tompa Laszlo Ezsias

Publication Name: Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: Unknown

Issue: 6

Page Range: 28-37

Description:

The rapid expansion of Hungary’s infrastructure projects, especially in railway construction, has significantly increased the demand for crushed stone. Both national and EU-funded initiatives have strained supply chains, resulting in logistical challenges and material shortages. With limited domestic production capacity, efficient resource management is crucial to keeping projects on track. This paper evaluates Hungary’s supply chain for crushed stone, identifying key weaknesses and proposing solutions to enhance sustainability. Purpose. This study investigates the logistical and supply chain difficulties in delivering crushed stone for Hungary’s railway infrastructure projects. It evaluates current supply limitations, proposes ways to improve domestic resource management, and offers strategies to reduce reliance on imports while emphasizing sustainability. Methodology. The research applies Geographic Information System (GIS) modeling to analyze transportation routes for crushed stone, suggesting ways to streamline logistics. It examines the production capacities of Hungarian quarries, some producing 15,000–25,000 tons monthly, and assesses the impact of European and Hungarian regulations on material quality and availability. The potential for integrating recycled materials into the supply chain is also explored. Findings. Hungary’s domestic quarries cannot meet the high demand for railway ballast, estimated at 192,000 tons annually, leading to import reliance. GIS modeling shows optimized transportation routes could cut costs and carbon emissions. Incorporating smaller stone fractions and recycled materials could mitigate shortages, with recycled materials potentially comprising 40 % of railway ballast. Originality. By integrating geological, logistical, and regulatory insights, this paper provides novel approaches for addressing Hungary’s crushed stone supply chain challenges. The use of GIS modeling and recycled materials offers innovative solutions for reducing environmental impacts. Practical value. The findings present actionable strategies for improving Hungary’s supply chain efficiency, promoting recycling, and optimizing logistics. These solutions are applicable to Hungary and other regions facing similar infrastructure material supply challenges.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.33271/nvngu/2024-6/028

Social Responsibility: Opportunities for Integral Assessment and Analysis of Connections with Business Innovation

Laszlo Vasa K. Kozma Halyna Mishchuk Olena Oliinyk

Publication Name: Sustainability Switzerland

Publication Date: 2023-03-01

Volume: 15

Issue: 6

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

The paper proposes an approach to the integrated assessment of the social responsibility of EU countries with a combination of data from three international indices most relevant to the monitor-ing of social responsibility at the macroeconomic level: the Global Sustainable Competitiveness Index, the Sustainable Development Goals Index and the Social Progress Index. Applying the method of taxonomic analysis on the example of index values for EU countries, we assessed the differences and leaders in ensuring social responsibility. The authors do not consider country-level social responsibility only as a consequence of the development of responsible practices at all levels. Taking into account that social responsibility should be a prerequisite for expanding opportunities in all spheres, in particular, in business, the authors conducted a correlational analysis of the relationship between the taxonomic indicator of social responsibility and the development of innovative business. As a result, we confirmed significant connections with “Business sophistication” indicators (as part of the Global Innovation Index) and the share of innovative firms of total SMEs (according to OESD statistics). The obtained results strengthen the grounds for considering social responsibility not only as an important socially oriented concept, but also as a reliable basis for the development of innovative business due to the created comfortable institutional environment of business development.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/su15065608

The Realization of a Circular Economy in the Construction Industry and Its Adaptation to EU Standards in Hungary

Adrienn Buruzs K. Kozma

Publication Name: Chemical Engineering Transactions

Publication Date: 2023-01-01

Volume: 107

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 535-540

Description:

Transforming the linear economy into a circular one in the construction sector is not an easy task. Such a radical change entails a major transformation of the current production and consumption patterns, which in turn will have a significant impact on the economy, the environment, and society. The European Commission sees great potential in the recycling and reuse of construction and demolition waste (CDW) and has also emphasised the importance of this waste stream in its directives on the circular economy. This paper first presents the concept of CDW and its regulatory characteristics. It then introduces the types and sources of CDW. Third, based on an analysis of the literature, the paper identifies the possible links between the CDW and the circular economy and current trends and practices of recovery, reuse, and recovery. Finally, through the examples presented, it gives an overview of the current situation and trends in Hungary and makes recommendations for future development opportunities for the practitioners to help them adapt to recent changes. The options for doing this are important, but the problems that may hinder this process also need to be examined. In this article, the author seeks to find answers to this question.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3303/CET23107090

Shift in the annual growth cycle of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) in West Hungary

K. Kozma A. Pozsgai E. Kovács J. Puskás

Publication Name: Applied Ecology and Environmental Research

Publication Date: 2018-01-01

Volume: 16

Issue: 2

Page Range: 2029-2042

Description:

Regional climate change has noticeable influence on grape and wine production in West Hungary. Sopron and Zala wine-growing regions are among the potential winners of the climate change, previously rather unsuitable for viticulture. Over the past 30 years, the minimum and maximum temperatures significantly increased, the precipitation decreased, nevertheless, the convective precipitation increased by 14 days during the growing season. Each climate indicator has changed between 1986 and 2015 compared to the previous 30 years (1956-1985). One of the effects of climate change is a significant shift in the annual growth cycle of grapevines (phenological phases). Budbreak begins nearly 8 days earlier, flowering 7 days and the veraison 8 days, while the harvest has been shifted to a date 11 days respect to the previous period. The time between the budbreak and the flowering has shortened by 4.5 days.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.15666/aeer/1602_20292042

Anthropogenic Waste Pollution of the Danube Shoreline between Komárom and Neszmély, with Special Emphasis on Mesoplastics

K. Kozma Eszter Kókai Boglárka Liszkai

Publication Name: Chemical Engineering Transactions

Publication Date: 2025-01-01

Volume: 121

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 31-36

Description:

Research into microplastics is increasingly important, as these particles are widespread and their long-term effects remain unclear. Plastic waste enters rivers and breaks down into smaller fragments, prompting our focus on mesoplastics in rivers—an under-researched area. Based on litter collection efforts along the Danube, we selected sampling sites near Komárom, Almásfüzitő, Dunaalmás, and Neszmély. Data from these “clean-up” actions were used to assess anthropogenic inputs and to conduct both quantitative and qualitative analyses. During the river sampling methods, where the goal was to develop a method suitable for domestic conditions, custom-made nets were applied based on descriptions found in the literature. The size, quantity, and polymer type of the particles were determined through visual inspection and FTIR spectroscopy. According to our test results so far, most of the particles were identified as originating from packaging waste, mainly polyethylene and polypropylene. The highest contamination was measured 20 m from the shore of Almásfüzitő, close to the drift line, concentrated in the upper 20–50 cm layer of the river water, which correlates with the results found in the literature regarding water depth. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that our measurement method, which is still under development, is progressing in the right direction, but further measurements will be required to confirm this with greater certainty.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3303/CET25121006

Smart Cities and Data Enrichment: The Role of LiDAR and Point Cloud Upsampling in Sustainable Urban Management

K. Kozma Szeverin Oláh Árpád Barsi

Publication Name: Chemical Engineering Transactions

Publication Date: 2025-01-01

Volume: 121

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 97-102

Description:

Geospatial data with high resolution and spatio-temporal accuracy can further support sustainable infrastructure and optimise urban services to improve the quality of life of city residents. LiDAR-based technologies are commonly used to produce 3D urban models and can include terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), mobile mapping systems (MMS), and airborne platforms such as photogrammetric drones. Point cloud datasets can be utilised for transportation planning and management, utility management, green infrastructure evaluation, and emergency response. Despite the utility of these point cloud datasets, the intrinsic incompleteness or sparsity due to the costs of surveying, the characteristics of the sensors, and environmental occlusion are significant limitations for effective precision modelling at the urban scale. Point cloud upsampling appears to be an innovative modelling gap for synthetically increasing point density, while preserving geometric accuracy. Deep learning–based networks demonstrably reduced the quantified improvements of the point cloud upsampling method. Previous studies have shown that reduced point-to-surface deviation from ~0.146 to ~0.140 (10-2 scale; 6.11 % improvement), and improved distribution uniformity from 0.315 to 0.219 (30.55 % improvement), and frequency-selective geometry upsampling provided up to 4.4×s less point-to-point compared to PU-Net and at 4× upsampling factors These results demonstrate that advanced point cloud upsampling methods would reasonable improve the accuracy or precision of derived products such as digital terrain models (DTMs), canopy height models (CHMs), and other ecological indices that are generally sensitive to point density. This paper reviews the latest upsampling algorithms and proposes a way of thinking and structuring data science that can scale into urban monitoring processes.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3303/CET25121017

Potential of Point Cloud Upsampling for Environmental Protection: Enhancing Airborne LiDAR Data for Sustainable Resource Management

K. Kozma Szeverin Oláh Árpád Barsi

Publication Name: Chemical Engineering Transactions

Publication Date: 2025-01-01

Volume: 121

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 91-96

Description:

High-resolution, dynamic geospatial data support sustainable infrastructure, optimize urban services, and improve the quality of life of residents. Airborne Laser Scanning is an increasingly popular remote sensing technology that can be used to collect very large datasets of 3D point clouds over extensive areas, including forests, river basins, coastal wetlands, and mountainous regions. These datasets facilitate the analysis of vegetation structure, biomass estimation, hydrological modeling, and land cover detection or change monitoring. However, Airborne Laser Scanning-derived point clouds are typically limited to low density and spatial resolution, which preclude meaningful analysis for fine-scale ecological and environmental modeling. Point cloud upsampling is a permissible way to augment the spatial robustness of Airborne Laser Scanning point cloud data, and does so without adding a logistical burden of the data acquisition in the field, or the need to resurvey at high costs and time. Upsampling is synthetic in nature, achieving increased data point count, but maintaining dimensional integrity for continuity of surfaces and geometric fidelity, which is essential in methodologies that intervene for derived products such as digital terrain models, canopy height models, and vegetation metrics. This manuscript examines using point cloud upsampling as part of environmental monitoring. It reviews the upsampling algorithms that have been developed to date, synthesizes existing methods, and considers their relevance to the state of practice in forestry, watershed management, and conservation planning. The work considers and focuses on methodological bases for robustness and dimensionality, and although considerably nuanced, the methodological efficacy is subtended and suggests how enhanced points improve outcomes for ecological models and the information provided supports resource management decisions related to resource and sustainability decisions.. Ultimately and conclusively, the work establishes the understanding of point cloud enhancement for its visualization, but also its potential as an emergent action that contributes to construction and promotes a sustainability intention in environmental science and policy. This article appears as a mini-review. This writing aims to synthesise existing knowledge and conceptual strategies, rather than a novel outcome of an experiment. It is written to give an overview of existing methods and structured conceptual frameworks for employing point cloud upsampling techniques in the environmental monitoring and sustainability context. The review reiterates the conceptual soundness of point cloud upsampling in the workflow of environmental monitoring. The proposed framework reinforces the benefits of greater data richness and decision-making based on sustainability, without assuming new costs for data generation.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3303/CET25121016

Pontfelhők geometriai és attribútumtorzulásai

K. Kozma Szeverin Oláh Árpád Barsi

Publication Name: Geodezia Es Kartografia

Publication Date: 2025-01-01

Volume: 77

Issue: 3

Page Range: 18-26

Description:

The paper addresses geometric and attribute distortions in point clouds, which can arise at various stages of data acquisition and processing. The authors present the main sources of distortions—such as sensor limitations, platform movement, and environmental influences—and their impact on point density, data distribution, and attribute reliability. They detail statistical methods for quantitative evaluation of distortions (e.g., Getis–Ord Gi*, Moran’s I, Gini coefficient), which allow systematic measurement and correction of errors. The study emphasizes that analyzing and mitigating distortions is essential for creating more accurate spatial models and producing reliable geoinformatics analyses.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.30921/GK.77.2025.3.3

Microplastic pollution in the Szigetköz section of the Danube: sources, composition and FTIR-based quantification

K. Kozma András Torma A. Zseni Gábor Bordós Eszter Kókai Bence Prikler Gergely Zoltán Macher Anett Bedő

Publication Name: Environmental Systems Research

Publication Date: 2026-12-01

Volume: 15

Issue: 1

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

Microplastic (MP) pollution in river systems has become an increasing environmental concern, particularly in transboundary rivers such as the Danube. This study provides the first detailed assessment of microplastic contamination in the Szigetköz section of the Danube and its major tributary, the Mosoni-Danube. Depth-resolved pumped water samples were collected at three locations (Rajka, Mecsér and Gönyű) and analysed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy combined with automated spectral evaluation. MP concentrations showed a clear downstream increase, with average values of 83.8 particles/m³ at Rajka, 237.6 particles/m³ in the Mosoni-Danube at Mecsér, and 795.9 particles/m³ at Gönyű. Polyethylene (PE) was the dominant polymer in the tributary (70.6%), whereas both PE and alkyd resins were prevalent at the main Danube sites (Rajka: alkyd 37.7%, PE 31.8%; Gönyű: alkyd 39.9%, PE 37.3%). Particle size distribution also shifted downstream, with a higher proportion of smaller (50–100 μm) particles detected at Gönyű compared to upstream sites. The results suggest that the tributary may represent an important input to the main Danube channel in this section, while differences in polymer composition point to varying source characteristics within the study area. These findings provide an important baseline for future monitoring and support the development of targeted mitigation strategies in this transboundary river system.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1186/s40068-026-00473-3