The research presents an analysis of the food security policy effectiveness on the component of food availability and access in two developing countries, Colombia and Kyrgyzstan, during the period from 2000 to 2018. Determining the state of their food balance trade and the regression analysis for the Food Production Index of the countries, considering four economic indicators. Thus the study attempts to show that policies and strategies have not reached the expected results in terms of reduction of food imports dependency and strengthening of national production and export industry. Furthermore was found that among the economic indicators considered, food inflation, food imports, food exports, and extreme monetary poverty; the last one was the indicator that presented influence on the Food Production Index of both countries, during the period analyzed, showing that access was the main component that defines the food production. The results highlighted the need of integrating food security with the monetary and trade policies of these countries.

As international trade activities are increased, there are more regulative practices which might be barriers to trade. One of such hindrances is exchange rate volatility that afects trade activities both directly and indirectly. Exchange rate volatility of currencies can afect the trade engagements and as well as the trade balance of a country. One of the implications of the study is that the impacts of monetary policy changes on trade activities can be noticed signifcantly in the long-term. While impacts on export levels are usually immediate, import levels are changed in long-run. The research analyzes the correlation between infation and devaluation and clearly states their impacts on trade balance. The case study about devaluation of the currency of Azerbaian elaborates the impacts of currency volatility on exports which is illustrated and analyzed in this research. Moreover, infation and devaluation correlations and their impacts on import level of a country are studied through correlation and multiple regression analyses based on the data exported from OECD and World Bank. The results conclude that exchange rate volatility signifcantly impacts the trade balance in terms of imports and exports. Given the results, exchange rate is a non-trade barrier and afects foreign trade.

The renewable energy transition is a central component of global strategies to mitigate climate change and achieve sustainable development. However, the large-scale integration of renewable energy sources introduces significant challenges related to variability, system complexity, and operational efficiency. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a promising enabler for addressing these challenges through advanced data-driven forecasting, optimization, and decision-support capabilities. This study presents a systematic bibliometric and thematic review of peer-reviewed research on AI applications in the renewable energy transition published between 2015 and 2025, and was conducted following the PRISMA framework. Using the Scopus database, a total of 595 journal articles were analyzed through bibliometric performance indicators, network analysis, and thematic synthesis. The results reveal a rapidly growing and highly collaborative research field, characterized by strong international co-authorship and increasing methodological diversity. Early research predominantly focused on prediction and forecasting tasks, while more recent studies emphasize system-level optimization, energy management, and integrative AI applications across renewable technologies. The review further highlights key research trends, conceptual framing, and methodological orientations shaping the field. By consolidating dispersed literature and mapping its evolution, this study provides a structured overview that supports future research, policy development, and practical implementation of AI-enabled solutions for a sustainable energy transition.