The primary objective of this study is to improve the efficiency of dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) by the manipulation of their geometric and material characteristics. Two distinct cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) with microstrip patch antenna designs chosen, and deliberate modifications implemented in a systematic manner to enhance crucial characteristics including gain, bandwidth, S-parameters, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and directivity. Furthermore, an investigation was conducted to assess the efficacy of incorporating additional layers into the design of the DRA to achieve increased gain and enhanced efficiency at a frequency of 28 GHz. The research encompassed the process of collecting and designing and simulating CDRA and microstrip patch antenna antennas utilizing the CST framework. The study investigates different configurations of apertures and alterations or holes in the patch geometry to improve both the gain and efficiency. A comparative analysis between both antennas was carried out utilizing performance criteria such as S-parameters, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and VSWR and efficiency. The discourse explores the progress made in the field of technology pertaining to the improvement of gain and bandwidth. This includes the utilization of high-dielectric-constant materials, modifications in resonant frequencies, and the implementation of metamaterial (MTM) cells. The CST program is utilized for conducting realistic trials and assessments. The research highlights the advantages of CDRA antennas and microstrip patch antennas, including improved radiation efficiency, smaller size, lower profile, and lightweight design. The integration of photonic crystal layers into the design of the cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna (CDRA) was emphasized as a noteworthy enhancement, resulting in amplified gain. The significance of considering both intrinsic characteristics and external factors, such as surface Plasmon waves, in the computational modeling of DRA antennas to achieve maximum efficiency is emphasized by the research.

DRA antennas have several favorable characteristics such as small size, low cost and desirable radiation pattern. These advantages make companies use this antenna in different fields in communication. Our aim is to enhance some properties of the rectangular antenna such as gain, bandwidth, S-parameter, VSWR and directivity. Therefore, three kinds of rectangular DRA antenna designs were selected and their geometrical and material parameters were systematically changed to enhance their performance. Also, the effect of adding more layers into the DRA design to get higher gain and to enhance the efficiency at frequency 28 GHz was studied. The designing and simulating of the DRA antenna were carried out by using the framework of CST.

Many applications in lifestyle need to use some kinds of antenna especially in communication field. One of these antennas that is used in this field of communication is called dielectric resonator antenna (DRA). In this review, we will compare different kinds of DRA antennas, for example, cylindrical and rectangular DRA antennas, based on their S-parameters, gain, directivity, bandwidth, and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR). After discovering the studies about characteristics of these antennas according, the technology of gain, bandwidth enhancements used in the literature will be explained in detail, such as using a high-dielectric-constant material, adjusting its resonant frequency, property of lensing of MTM cells. In practical experiments, the software CST (Computer Simulation Technology) is used for this purpose, to evaluate the above-mentioned parameters of DRA antennas. The advantages of DRA antennas are high radiation efficiency, small size, low profile, and lightweight after changing some elements or structure of DRA antenna, which makes the antenna have more attenuation. To enhance the S-parameters and gain magnitude, the suitable design of DRA depends on the geometrical and material characteristics used for this purpose. This also enables us to achieve acceptable results with high efficiency. Therefore, the simulation of the antenna must consider beside these properties and characteristics, the effects of surface plasmon waves on the properties of DRA antenna. Adding layers of photonic crystal to the DRA antenna enhances the results and leads to higher gain.