Due to the proven existence of climatic changes, a review on water needs of cattle is doubtlessly important. People increasingly like to be aware of the water footprint of different products. In this study, authors briefly surveyed the role of drinking water as a nutrient of cattle. Based on several international results, factors affecting water consumption of cattle–especially air and water temperatute–were presented. Water quality aspects, including calculation method of water quality index, were also discussed. Estimation (regression exuations) and instrumental measurement possibilities (digital systems) for water consumption of cattle were also presented, as well as several purification methods. As it was concluded, water is inevitably important in health status, welfare and thus, production of cattle. Professional literatures provide several data on the nutritional value of water. However, further comprehensive investigation would be worth to be carried out to collect exact information on water losses of cattle under different conditions. Effect of air and water temperature on water intake is well documented internationally, domestic research under Hungarian climate conditions could be helpful to breeders, as well as the development of a national water quality index. Digitalization can be a great support in collecting accurate data on feed and water intake of cattle under different conditions. Since clear water is not present in an unlimited amount, application and development of different purifying methods and technologies is of great importance, as well as inventing new possibilities for it.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become an important tool for optimising breeding processes in several areas of animal production. In this thesis, we have presented examples from the literature, mainly for the identification and counting of cattle. The individual identification of animals, the monitoring of their behaviour and the control of their movements support a number of conclusions from both animal welfare and veterinary point of view. Automation of the processing of captured images has also become essential. This process is supported by Artificial Intelligence. Deep learning and neural networks are excellent tools for segmenting images and processing their content based on different features. Convolutional neural networks are specifically powerful for such tasks and we have seen that further developments of these networks (e.g. Faster R-CNN) allow even more efficient image analysis procedures. Processing animal images can be a major step forward for automatic analysis and identification of livestock. It also allows early intervention in the event of disease. In the context of individual identification, it is important to underline that, when complemented with other measurement options, e.g. sensor measurements, it offers even more complex applications that have not been available so far.

This paper presents the tradition of insect eating and its rationale on Earth. The development and status of the insect-based food industry is described. Insects have been eaten by mankind since the beginning of history as an easily accessible, nutrient-rich source of protein, and there are still over 2,000 species of edible insects known to be useful in human nutrition. The orders Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and Orthoptera are the most commonly consumed genera. With population growth and increasing demand for food, edible insects may provide an alternative food source. Edible insects have excellent nutritional value, being high in protein, fat, vitamins and minerals. However, there are cultural and psychological barriers to the adaptation of insect consumption. The article highlights the challenges for the insect-based food industry, such as food safety, consumer attitudes and infrastructure development. Their use in feed can increase the nutritional value of animal protein sources. Insects are easy and quick to breed. They can be grown quickly and cost-effectively due to their short life cycle and low-energy feed requirements. Insect production under industrial conditions requires fewer resources and can contribute to climate change mitigation. Insect farming promises to be more environmentally sustainable and efficient than conventional animal husbandry. Further research is needed on the utilisation of by-products and the application of the circular economy model for the sustainable development of insect-based food.