The goal of this resesrch is to develop cultivation practices that optimize the economical cultivation of sorghum, taking into account current environmental factors., by determining the optimal seeding rate and row spacing for two different maturity groups of sorghum hybrids, RGT Icebergg (early) and RGT Huggo (mid-early). In this context, we examine the maximum achievable yield and quality characteristics. The experiment involved different plant densities: 210,000, 240,000, 270,000, and 300,000 plants/ha, and three different row spacings: 25, 45, and 76 cm. Through conducted experiments, significant differences have been observed in harvest moisture content, hectoliter weight, protein content, head size, and plant height. Significant differences were observed in the average number of head per square meter. Although similar average protein levels were measured for different genotypes, there were differences in their stability. Increasing row spacing decreased hectoliter weight, while increasing seeding rates increased it. Harvest moisture content was significantly higher with wider row spacings, while increasing plant density resulted in a slight decrease in moisture content. Looking at the average of the tested hybrids, the row spacing of 45 cm and the number of seed of 300,000 plants/ha are the most ideal combination to achieve the yield.

Efficient and climate-resilient Sorghum bicolor L. cultivation is increasingly important under Central European conditions. This study evaluated two hybrids across two locations in 2023–2024 with row spacings of 25, 45, and 75 cm and four sowing densities of 210,000–300,000 seed ha⁻¹. Row spacing, year, and genotype exerted a strong and consistent effect on grain yield and quality, with multiple instances reaching high statistical significance (p < 0.001). In contrast, seed rate had no significant main effect, influencing results only via site- and season-specific interactions. At a 45 cm row spacing, sorghum exhibited the highest grain yield (8.59 t ha⁻¹), the lowest seed moisture content (13.59%), and the greatest protein yield (1.094 t ha⁻¹). The 25 cm spacing with higher density produced with 0.46 t ha⁻¹ higher yields than 75 cm and the highest protein content (13.35%), but 0.48 t ha⁻¹ lower yield than the 45 cm treatment. The 75 cm spacing generally gave 12.29% lower yield and 6.72% lower quality despite higher tillering. TKW was highest at 45 cm row spacing (31.12 g), 23.3% greater than at 75 cm (25.25 g). The 45 cm row spacing provided the most stable yield, superior quality, and balanced agronomic performance, representing the most practical configuration for sustainable sorghum production under Central European conditions.