This paper investigates the efficiency of PID and Fuzzy Logic Control approaches as a voltage control method in vehicles with 48V E/E architecture. Then compares the mentioned methods output on Buck converter for 48V to 12V. Buck converter aims to convert 48V to 12V to be able to supply power to low voltage systems such as electric power steering systems within vehicles. 48V E/E architecture is becoming a common architecture among electric vehicles and power distribution through 48V batteries, hence it is chosen for this study. Our study presents that Fuzzy Logic Controller has a better performance in terms of response time and settling time on controlling output voltage of Buck converter which converts 48V to 12V.

This study presents a mathematical and kinematic modeling framework for analyzing trajectory behavior in a virtual reality (VR) welding simulator. Twenty novice participants performed repeated welding trials across three sessions, with torch trajectories recorded at 50 Hz in the task space. The proposed framework combines trial-level performance descriptors with derivative-based dynamic features, including spectral arc length (SPARC), log-normalized jerk (LNJ), and the number of velocity peaks (NVP), to characterize movement smoothness, intermittency, and longitudinal trajectory organization in a computer-simulated manual welding task. The results showed that spatial welding error decreased most clearly during the earliest stage of practice, with mean absolute lateral error declining from approximately 2.8 mm in the first trial to approximately 1.7 mm by the third trial. This early improvement was then broadly preserved across subsequent sessions. In contrast, smoothness- and fragmentation-related metrics exhibited more variable temporal patterns, indicating that improvements in task-space accuracy were not necessarily accompanied by uniform reorganization of movement dynamics. Associations between spatial error and kinematic features remained limited, suggesting that geometric task accuracy and dynamic trajectory organization represent complementary aspects of simulated manual performance. Overall, the findings show that high-frequency trajectory analysis in VR provides a useful basis for the mathematical modeling of dynamic behavior in simulated welding systems and supports the use of computer simulation for process-level investigation of manual task execution.