Hydrogen is expected to play a significant role in mobility and transportation as a form of energy source. To assess the effects of hydrogen as a gradual replacement fuel for internal combustion engines, a preliminary 1D thermodynamic simulation was carried out using AVL Boost for 0 vol%, 4 vol% and 8 vol% hydrogen content. Calculations were based on independently published research results, and focused on peak firing temperature (PFT), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), nitrous oxide emission (NOx), and carbon monoxide (CO) emission values. Results showed a decrease in BSFC of up to 3 g/kWh and ca. 5 mg/kWh decrease in CO emission with 8 vol% hydrogen, but also highlight an increase of PFT by 14 K, and ca. 0.5 g/kWh additional NOx production at high loads.

This paper presents a one-dimensional (1-D) thermodynamic engine simulation validated through testbench measurements. The objective was to evaluate the accuracy of the 1-D model by comparing simulated results with experimental data from a modern 2-L turbocharged gasoline direct injection (DI) internal combustion engine featuring variable valve timing. Key parameters such as engine speed, air–fuel ratio, temperature, and pressure were measured under controlled conditions. Using AVL BOOST, simulation modeled combustion, valve timing, and thermodynamic processes across intake and exhaust systems. Simulation results were compared with experimental data across various steady-state operating points. The model demonstrated strong agreement with experimental results in steady-state operation. A few differences highlight the need for further refinement of the model. The study confirms the effectiveness of 1-D simulations as a reliable and cost-efficient tool for engine analysis and optimization. Future work will focus on enhancing the accuracy of the simulation.