Pedestrian safety at signalized intersections is a key component of sustainable urban mobility, as safer walking environments support active transportation, reduce crash risk, and improve the inclusiveness of urban transport systems. This study presents a structured review of pedestrian–vehicle conflicts based on a systematic PRISMA-guided literature search, synthesizing 60 studies with emphasis on operational conditions, behavioral factors, infrastructural characteristics, and surrogate safety measures. The review examines the application of surrogate safety measures (SSMs), including Time-to-Collision (TTC), Post-Encroachment Time (PET), Pedestrian Path Deviation (PPD), and Deceleration-to-Safety Time (DST). The findings reveal significant variability in threshold definitions and methodological approaches, which limits the comparability and transferability of results across different traffic contexts. Building on this synthesis, the paper proposes an integrated conceptual framework linking behavioral, operational, and infrastructural determinants to conflict occurrence and severity. The analysis shows that existing studies often treat these factors in isolation, reducing the generalizability of current models. Overall, this review identifies key methodological inconsistencies in surrogate safety indicators and emphasizes the need for standardized yet context-sensitive thresholds and locally validated conflict models to improve the comparability and transferability of pedestrian–vehicle conflict assessments.