In the face of land degradation and environmental constraints, it is imperative to have an adaptive financial geography structure and a land resource utilization system that supports corporate innovation. This study constructs a refined financial geographic accessibility measurement index. By integrating multi-source spatio-temporal big data, the study breaks through the static limitation of traditional statistical data. It accurately analyzes the spatial synergistic effect between the spatial distribution of financial institutions and land use planning. Land use data, such as spatial development rate and spatial interest points, provide high-precision spatial evidence for revealing the mechanism of financial geographic accessibility affecting corporate innovation. Further, from the environmental sustainability perspective, this paper studies the moderating effect of environmental constraints on corporate innovation. Financial geographic accessibility can improve corporate innovation by reducing financing costs, accelerating knowledge spillover, realizing intermediate input sharing, improving labor matching, and giving play to location advantages. Notably, this facilitation effect performs better in cities with high energy consumption and carbon emissions. Heterogeneity analysis shows that proximity to the city center, low industrial maturity, government subsidies, soes, and large-scale corporations significantly amplify the innovation benefits of financial geographic accessibility. This study combines remote sensing data with spatial big data to provide a new methodological framework for analyzing land use and degradation.