The climate policy of the EU specifies strict limits for harmful exhaust gases of passenger cars and commercial vehicles. Electric Mobility plays a significant role in reaching the fleet targets, but internal combustion engines (ICEs) will still be necessary in the next 30 years in medium to long distance transportation. Within the scope of this review article, research activities concerning engine performance, exhaust emissions, friction, wear and corrosion of components in relation to drop-in fuel alternatives, as well as the impact of such fuels on the degradation of the lubricant will be presented. Production pathways and properties of alternative fuels will be briefly introduced.