Antimicrobial agents, and especially antibiotics, have played a crucial role in combating infectious diseases for decades. As antimicrobial resistance (AMR) becomes more widespread, treatment efficacy decreases, leading to therapeutic failures and significant economic consequences. Global efforts to address AMR are increasingly guided by the “One Health” approach, which emphasizes coordinated strategies spanning human, animal, plant, and environmental health. AMR is now one of the most pressing global health challenges, affecting humans, animals, crops, and ecosystems alike. Among its many contributing factors, the inappropriate use of antimicrobials is particularly critical. To better understand the factors influencing AMR and to implement and assess strategies for reducing antimicrobial use (AMU), accurate and detailed data on actual usage and indications are essential. Systematic data collection allows stakeholders to evaluate their current antibiotic practices and identify areas needing intervention. In EU member states with established traditions of AMU analysis, centralized databases facilitate benchmarking across sectors and countries; however, reporting and analyzing AMU data remains a significant challenge for both EU and national administrations. At the societal level, growing consumer concern demands that veterinarians and livestock keepers gain a deeper understanding of the root causes of disease and production losses. This knowledge supports informed decision-making aimed at improving overall herd health, ensuring economic viability, promoting responsible AMU, and reducing environmental impact. Experience in Hungary and abroad shows that achieving optimal AMU in large-scale livestock farming requires a shift in mindset. This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the global, European and Hungarian challenges in the fight against antibiotic resistance. It also presents current data collection and monitoring systems, along with the core principles and strategies of responsible AMU.