This study investigates the enzymatic hydrolysis of soybean (Glycine max L.) and mung bean (Vigna radiata) proteins using bromelain, ficin, papain, and pepsin to improve digestibility and functional properties. We hypothesized that mung bean's less compact structure would yield higher degree of hydrolysis (DH) and bioactive peptides compared to soybean, enhancing antioxidant capacity for functional foods. Mung bean showed significantly higher proteolysis, with a maximum DH of 46.5 ± 2.1 % (p ≤ 0.05) using 10 % bromelain for 12 h, versus soybean's 26.9 ± 1.5 % (p ≤ 0.05). Bromelain and ficin outperformed papain and pepsin, producing up to 62.3 ± 3.2 % oligopeptides and 32.4 g/100 g free amino acids in mung bean. Mung bean hydrolysates exhibited superior antioxidant activity, reaching 78.4 ± 2.5 % DPPH scavenging (p ≤ 0.05), compared to soybean's 58.9 ± 2.0 % (p ≤ 0.05), due to increased 200–1000 Da peptides. Optimal conditions (10 % enzyme, 12 h) improved solubility and bioactivity, highlighting mung bean's potential and bromelain's efficacy for sustainable food applications, warranting further protease research.

High-yield dairy farms have maximised their productivity, which is a challenge concerning animal physiology even beyond the transition period. While several studies have verified a wide range of beneficial effects of plant essential oils during the periparturient period in dairy cows, their effects in mid-lactation are less studied. However, this period is critical for maintaining milk production and metabolic stability in high-yielding cows. The objective of the present study is to determine the effects of supplementation with herbal plants on immunity and antioxidant status in mid-lactation dairy cows. Thirty-six Holstein-Friesian cows used in this experiment were randomly assigned to 6 groups (1 control and 5 treatments, n = 6/group). The treatments were conducted using oregano, basil, thyme, rosemary, or yarrow, while the control was exempt from any supplementation. The feeding experiment lasted 14 days. Milk samples were collected on days 1 and 14 to assess milk quality. Milk and blood samples for molecular analysis were collected on day 15, following the 14-day feeding trial. The applied herbs were standardised to two grams of essential oil/cow/day. All parameters were analyzed by a linear mixed model and expressed relative to the control group. The basil essential oil resulted in a significant increase in the total immunoglobulin level in milk, and the serum IgM level was found to be significantly higher in the rosemary. Significantly higher serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) values were detected in the oregano, thyme, rosemary, and yarrow groups. Significant increases were observed in milk TAC for groups given oregano and thyme. The activity of the superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD) was found to be significantly higher in the oregano group, and significantly lower C-reactive protein levels, an indicator of inflammation and oxidative stress, were measured in the oregano and rosemary groups. Of the antioxidant-related genes, a significantly higher expression of the SOD gene was detected in the oregano group, while for the glutathione peroxidase gene, significantly higher mRNA expression was observed in the oregano and thyme groups. In conclusion, our results suggest that dietary supplementation with oregano and thyme improves antioxidant status in mid-lactation dairy cows. These findings may support the development of more precisely tailored feeding protocols to enhance well-being and promote the health and performance of dairy cows during mid-lactation.

Green biomass serves as an eco-friendly, plant-derived substitute for conventional protein sources. Leaf protein concentrate (LPC) not only acts as a viable alternative to animal-derived proteins but also contains essential vitamins and bioactive compounds providing nutraceutical advantages. The extraction technique plays a critical role in maximizing LPC yield. In this study, green juice derived from the wet pressing of green triticale biomass was divided into two aliquots, each subjected to distinct processing techniques for LPC isolation. One portion underwent direct thermal coagulation via microwave irradiation, followed by vacuum filtration, yielding green LPC (MW-GLPC) and its brown juice (GJ-BJ). The other was first centrifuged to remove large photosynthetic complexes, producing yellow juice that was subsequently thermally coagulated and vacuum filtered to obtain yellow LPC (YLPC) and its brown juice (YJ-BJ).The crude protein content in the MW-GLPC fraction (38.44 g 100 g−1 DW) was higher than the raw green juice (16.38 g 100 g−1 DW). YLPC fraction, obtained by incorporating a centrifugation step into the process, resulted in a significantly increase in crude protein (67.22 g 100 g−1 DW). For fractions of brown juice (BJ), the crude protein content differed depending on the processing technique, with GJ-BJ exhibiting 0.73 g 100 g−1 FW and YJ-BJ displaying 1.06 g 100 g−1 FW. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) indicated that BJ primarily contained oligopeptides ranging from 200 to 3000 Da.Phytochemical assessments demonstrated that YLPC exhibits the highest concentration of some beneficial bioactive compounds, such as luteolin (27.2 μg g−1), and isovitexin (111.6 μg g−1). These findings are consistent with results obtained from the Drosophila melanogaster model under high-sugar conditions designed to simulate high-sugar-induced stress. Flies supplemented with a concentration of 20% YLPC demonstrated a 10.52% increase in viability relative to the control group, thereby indicating the beneficial potential of YLPC in high-sugar containing environments.

This study presents the development and comparison of two extraction methods: ultrasound- assisted stir bar sorptive extraction with liquid desorption (UA-SBSE-LD) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for the isolation and quantification of six major terpenes and terpenoids (thymol, carvacrol, eugenol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene, and α-pinene) from culinary aromatic herbs. The analytes were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-PDA). For UA-SBSE-LD, the effects of key extraction parameters, including adsorption time, ionic strength, pH, desorption solvent composition, desorption time, and solid:liquid ratio, were investigated, while UAE was evaluated using a water–ethanol system without pH adjustment. Both techniques demonstrated excellent linearity (R² ≥ 0.9805), acceptable detection limits (0.21–17 µg/mL), and satisfactory recoveries (82–120%), meeting validation requirements. Applied to thyme, oregano, rosemary, and basil, UA-SBSE-LD outperformed UAE for volatile hydrophobic compounds like γ-terpinene and α-pinene, yielding higher extraction efficiencies without organic solvent pretreatment. UA-SBSE-LD achieved up to 6.89 mg/g of α-pinene from rosemary and 4.04 mg/g of eugenol from basil. The sustainability of the methods was evaluated using AGREE and AGREEprep tools, indicating a greener profile for UAE. The direct application of UA-SBSE-LD to solid plant matrices, coupled with HPLC-PDA, represents a sensitive alternative to gas chromatography-based methods for determining terpenes in food matrices.