An increasing number of studies examine the AV readiness of cities where urban autonomous vehicle street tests have already been performed, leaving a significant gap in understanding the AV-readiness of cities that have not yet undergone such testing. Our research aims to assess the AV-readiness of Hungarian cities without prior urban autonomous vehicle testing. We surveyed 56 cities (91.8 % sample) with public transport and populations over 20,000. The results of the correlation analysis indicate a minimal understanding of the relation between the urban deployment of autonomous vehicles and the need for related urban developments. In the long term, however, there is evidence of the cities' intention to establish the urban conditions for autonomous vehicles. The larger the settlement and the higher the readiness level of current mobility plans and solutions, the sooner the estimated intervention, although these correlations are weak. The larger the size of the settlement and the more it has a mobility plan or an already existing solution, the shorter the timeframe required by the settlement for municipal interventions. Approximately half of the city planners did not associate AV-readiness with legislation and there are significant differences in planning considerations related to the new mobility paradigm.

Aviation is paramount in contemporary medium and long-distance transport, and airports are essential junctions in the modern globalised economy. The presence of airports is determinative concerning local regions or areas, and a specific methodology demonstrates its impact on the economy. It allows estimating the direct, indirect, and consequent multiplicative effect of the presence of airports on employment and income more accurately. Thus, it numerically describes the economic significance of certain airports as well. It is not only about quantifying the significant impact of an airport on the local economy; it should also be the extent to which an airline’s presence impacts regional and local economic processes. Besides analysing general methodological issues concerning the impact analysis of airports, this study aims to evaluate the impact of a particular low-cost airline’s flights on the local economy. The basis of our study is the Cluj Avram Iancu International Airport (CLJ) of Cluj-Napoca, Romania, and its dominant airline Wizz Air, which has a distinct impact because of its distance from large international airports. Thus, we can conclude that as a net result at the regional level, the presence of Wizz Air’s Cluj-Napoca flights generates over 4,000 person employment impact besides about 54 million euro income impact on the local economy

Airports play a dominant role in today's longdistance transport and they also represent significant nodes of the modern globalised economy. By estimating direct and indirect impacts on employment and income, their importance can be characterized in quantifiable terms. This study aims to estimate the direct economic impacts of Budapest Liszt Ferenc Airport as a complex economic entity involving a number of companies that are legally separate but complementary to one another and operate in the Airport's area - after outlining the general issues related to the impact assessment of airports. The study addressed two years, 2009 and 2014, which made it possible to compare the circumstances before and after the termination of Malév.

The deployment of Self-Driving Vehicles (SDVs) is not merely a technological issue; its success also depends on the readiness of the surrounding environment. In urban spaces, SDVs are expected to reach a critical mass and spatial concentration, posing complex challenges that require extensive planning and preparation. Consequently, SDVs necessitate specific urban development interventions to ensure the safe operation of the technology. Such SDV-specific urban development is crucial for realizing the anticipated benefits of autonomous vehicles while mitigating potential drawbacks, which in turn requires an accurate understanding of urban SDV-readiness. While an increasing number of studies assess SDV-readiness at the national level, little is known at the city level. Our research develops an index to assess the readiness of cities for self-driving vehicles from a policymaker perspective. In 2025, we surveyed municipal policymakers from 50 Hungarian cities with public transport and populations exceeding 20,000. The Urban SDV Readiness Index integrates four dimensions: the current urban mobility context (baseline), the anticipated emergence of SDV-related challenges, the expected timeframe for required interventions, and the ease of overcoming implementation barriers. The overall readiness index of Hungarian cities ranges from 18% to 76% (mean: 45%), with larger cities generally reporting higher readiness levels. The ranking of cities based on the composite index highlights clear leaders and laggards, aligning closely with the cluster classification and providing an accessible benchmark for comparison. Results indicate that, from the perspective of policymakers, many SDV-related developments are expected to materialize only in the distant future. Overall, the index offers a policy-relevant diagnostic benchmark that can support municipalities in identifying readiness gaps and prioritising targeted interventions and capacity-building strategies.