Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant public health concern globally, and Pakistan is no exception. The misuse and overuse of antibiotics, inadequate regulation of their sale, and a lack of awareness contribute to the rising levels of AMR in the country. study presents a detailed analysis of blood and urine samples collected in Pakistan over various periods, focusing on pathogen prevalence, gender distribution, and age-wise patterns. From January 2013 to 2017, the North region exclusively contributed to the blood sample dataset, with Salmonella emerging as the primary pathogen, particularly affecting infants and neonates. Subsequently, from January 2017 to December 2020, a significant dataset emerged from the North and Punjab regions, with Salmonella and E.coli prevalent across all age groups, notably impacting adults and infants. In the period from January 2021 to the present, blood samples predominantly originated from the North and Punjab regions, with Salmonella and E.coli remaining significant pathogens, affecting adults and the elderly. Regarding urine samples, from January 2013 to December 2017, E.coli was the dominant pathogen, with females showing a higher susceptibility to urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly among the elderly. Similarly, from January 2017 to December 2020, E.coli remained predominant, with UTIs more prevalent in females and the elderly. In the most recent period, the North region significantly contributed to UTI cases, with E.coli remaining predominant and females exhibiting a higher susceptibility, especially among the elderly. This comprehensive analysis provides crucial insights into the epidemiology of blood and urinary tract infections in Pakistan, informing public health strategies and interventions aimed at addressing these health challenges.

The enduring SARS-CoV-2 pandemic necessitates robust tools for severity assessment. This study, conducted at Islamabad Diagnostic Center across Pakistan from January 2021 to August 2022, aimed to investigate hematological abnormalities among suspected SARS-CoV-2 subjects. Initial enrollment included 130,347 cases, with 53,078 confirmed positive and 77,269 negative. An additional 11,786 samples expanded the dataset to 142,133. The Omicron and Centaurus variants, in confirmed positive patients, exhibited a slightly higher frequency of hematological abnormalities (30.42%) than negative participants (27.01%). Notably, lymphocyte count reduction (40.95%) suggested its potential as an alternative diagnostic parameter for clinical COVID-19. Decreased levels of NA (37.99%), HGB (26.17%), MCV (20.60%), PLT (6.15%), and ALB (2.28%) were observed. Abnormally elevated NEU, CR, MONO, RBCs, WBC, and EOS levels affected 26.00%, 24.28%, 30.79%, 22.02%, 6.28%, and 5.53% of subjects, respectively. Comparatively, positive patients exhibited higher abnormal blood parameters—LYMP count (57.40%), NEU count (46.08%), EOS count (62.48%), MONO count (31.61%), RBC count (30.32%), ALC count (43.60%), CR count (30.91%), NA count (40.53%), CRP count (68.46%), and DD (63.08%) than negative counterparts. The study underscores lymphocytopenia’s potential as a cost-effective, early diagnostic biomarker for clinical COVID-19, preceding real-time PCR diagnosis. This supports its consideration in resource-limited settings for strategic screening and policy-making in the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 battle.

HMGB1 is nuclear non-histone protein and unique member of cytokines. In viral hepatitis infection HMGB1 serum level increases and translocates towards cytoplasm and extracellular spaces where it activates single stimulating hepatic stellate cell proliferation which induces fibrogenic protein expression and causes hepatocellular carcinoma. In this study, total 150 subjects were recruited to assess the association between HMGB1 SNPs and HBV. Three types of genotypes were found visible in rs3742305 of HMGB1; wild type homozygous GG with 65%, homozygous minor type CC with 6% and heterozygous minor type GC with 26% frequency distribution. High prevalence of GG genotype in the selected population presenting that GG genotype may have higher risk for susceptibility to HBV infection. Our results showed significant correlation of HMGB1 polymorphism with HBV infection in the selected Pakistani population.

Diabetes mellitus remains a major global health burden, with effective management relying heavily on accurate blood glucose monitoring. Personal glucometers are widely used for daily self-checks, yet their performance must be rigorously validated against laboratory standards to ensure reliability. This study undertook a diagnostic evaluation of three glucometers, DSA, MedSenso, and the laboratory-based Cobas systems (C503 and Pro analyzers), to assess their precision and clinical applicability. In a cross-sectional design, 150 clinical samples from diabetic patients were analyzed using the DSA glucometer and Cobas C503, while an additional 200 diabetic blood samples were tested to compare MedSenso with the Cobas Pro analyzer. Ethical approval was obtained, and diagnostic parameters including sensitivity, specificity, correlation, and difference percentages were evaluated against the respective Cobas gold-standard systems. Results revealed nuanced but clinically meaningful findings. For the DSA glucometer, correlation with Cobas C503 ranged from 87.9% to 100%, with differences varying between 0.0% and 32.3%. Although entries with perfect correlation (100%) and no difference (0.0%) indicated excellent agreement, instances of high correlation coupled with significant differences highlighted systematic biases, particularly consistent over- or underestimation by the DSA device. Such discrepancies underscore the need for device-specific awareness to avoid misinformed clinical decisions. In contrast, the MedSenso glucometer demonstrated excellent agreement with Cobas Pro, showing a correlation coefficient of 0.984 and near-identical glucose results across tested samples. Its ease of use and rapid reporting make MedSenso especially promising for clinical settings where fast decision-making is essential. Collectively, the study underscores the complexity of glucose measurement in diabetes care. While the DSA glucometer requires cautious interpretation due to systematic biases, MedSenso emerges as a trustworthy and practical alternative for both clinical and routine use. These findings highlight the importance of balancing correlation strength and difference analysis in device selection, reinforcing the need for continuous validation against laboratory standards to ensure accurate and dependable diabetes management.