Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant public health concern globally, and Pakistan is no exception. The misuse and overuse of antibiotics, inadequate regulation of their sale, and a lack of awareness contribute to the rising levels of AMR in the country. study presents a detailed analysis of blood and urine samples collected in Pakistan over various periods, focusing on pathogen prevalence, gender distribution, and age-wise patterns. From January 2013 to 2017, the North region exclusively contributed to the blood sample dataset, with Salmonella emerging as the primary pathogen, particularly affecting infants and neonates. Subsequently, from January 2017 to December 2020, a significant dataset emerged from the North and Punjab regions, with Salmonella and E.coli prevalent across all age groups, notably impacting adults and infants. In the period from January 2021 to the present, blood samples predominantly originated from the North and Punjab regions, with Salmonella and E.coli remaining significant pathogens, affecting adults and the elderly. Regarding urine samples, from January 2013 to December 2017, E.coli was the dominant pathogen, with females showing a higher susceptibility to urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly among the elderly. Similarly, from January 2017 to December 2020, E.coli remained predominant, with UTIs more prevalent in females and the elderly. In the most recent period, the North region significantly contributed to UTI cases, with E.coli remaining predominant and females exhibiting a higher susceptibility, especially among the elderly. This comprehensive analysis provides crucial insights into the epidemiology of blood and urinary tract infections in Pakistan, informing public health strategies and interventions aimed at addressing these health challenges.

The enduring SARS-CoV-2 pandemic necessitates robust tools for severity assessment. This study, conducted at Islamabad Diagnostic Center across Pakistan from January 2021 to August 2022, aimed to investigate hematological abnormalities among suspected SARS-CoV-2 subjects. Initial enrollment included 130,347 cases, with 53,078 confirmed positive and 77,269 negative. An additional 11,786 samples expanded the dataset to 142,133. The Omicron and Centaurus variants, in confirmed positive patients, exhibited a slightly higher frequency of hematological abnormalities (30.42%) than negative participants (27.01%). Notably, lymphocyte count reduction (40.95%) suggested its potential as an alternative diagnostic parameter for clinical COVID-19. Decreased levels of NA (37.99%), HGB (26.17%), MCV (20.60%), PLT (6.15%), and ALB (2.28%) were observed. Abnormally elevated NEU, CR, MONO, RBCs, WBC, and EOS levels affected 26.00%, 24.28%, 30.79%, 22.02%, 6.28%, and 5.53% of subjects, respectively. Comparatively, positive patients exhibited higher abnormal blood parameters—LYMP count (57.40%), NEU count (46.08%), EOS count (62.48%), MONO count (31.61%), RBC count (30.32%), ALC count (43.60%), CR count (30.91%), NA count (40.53%), CRP count (68.46%), and DD (63.08%) than negative counterparts. The study underscores lymphocytopenia’s potential as a cost-effective, early diagnostic biomarker for clinical COVID-19, preceding real-time PCR diagnosis. This supports its consideration in resource-limited settings for strategic screening and policy-making in the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 battle.

HMGB1 is nuclear non-histone protein and unique member of cytokines. In viral hepatitis infection HMGB1 serum level increases and translocates towards cytoplasm and extracellular spaces where it activates single stimulating hepatic stellate cell proliferation which induces fibrogenic protein expression and causes hepatocellular carcinoma. In this study, total 150 subjects were recruited to assess the association between HMGB1 SNPs and HBV. Three types of genotypes were found visible in rs3742305 of HMGB1; wild type homozygous GG with 65%, homozygous minor type CC with 6% and heterozygous minor type GC with 26% frequency distribution. High prevalence of GG genotype in the selected population presenting that GG genotype may have higher risk for susceptibility to HBV infection. Our results showed significant correlation of HMGB1 polymorphism with HBV infection in the selected Pakistani population.

Diabetes mellitus remains a major global health burden, with effective management relying heavily on accurate blood glucose monitoring. Personal glucometers are widely used for daily self-checks, yet their performance must be rigorously validated against laboratory standards to ensure reliability. This study undertook a diagnostic evaluation of three glucometers, DSA, MedSenso, and the laboratory-based Cobas systems (C503 and Pro analyzers), to assess their precision and clinical applicability. In a cross-sectional design, 150 clinical samples from diabetic patients were analyzed using the DSA glucometer and Cobas C503, while an additional 200 diabetic blood samples were tested to compare MedSenso with the Cobas Pro analyzer. Ethical approval was obtained, and diagnostic parameters including sensitivity, specificity, correlation, and difference percentages were evaluated against the respective Cobas gold-standard systems. Results revealed nuanced but clinically meaningful findings. For the DSA glucometer, correlation with Cobas C503 ranged from 87.9% to 100%, with differences varying between 0.0% and 32.3%. Although entries with perfect correlation (100%) and no difference (0.0%) indicated excellent agreement, instances of high correlation coupled with significant differences highlighted systematic biases, particularly consistent over- or underestimation by the DSA device. Such discrepancies underscore the need for device-specific awareness to avoid misinformed clinical decisions. In contrast, the MedSenso glucometer demonstrated excellent agreement with Cobas Pro, showing a correlation coefficient of 0.984 and near-identical glucose results across tested samples. Its ease of use and rapid reporting make MedSenso especially promising for clinical settings where fast decision-making is essential. Collectively, the study underscores the complexity of glucose measurement in diabetes care. While the DSA glucometer requires cautious interpretation due to systematic biases, MedSenso emerges as a trustworthy and practical alternative for both clinical and routine use. These findings highlight the importance of balancing correlation strength and difference analysis in device selection, reinforcing the need for continuous validation against laboratory standards to ensure accurate and dependable diabetes management.

Background: Hypertensive myocardial injury is characterized by oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and apoptosis, largely driven by the central effector angiotensin II (Ang II). Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), an NAD⁺-dependent deacetylase, coordinates stress-adaptive signaling; however, the effects of pharmacological SIRT1 inhibition on Ang II-induced stress are not fully defined. Objectives: To determine whether SIRT1 inhibition exacerbates Ang II–induced myocardial injury and to delineate the associated redox and mitochondrial changes and SIRT1-associated p53–Forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a) signaling alterations in cardiac cells. Methods: The primary outcome measures were cell viability, intracellular ROS accumulation, and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), selected to characterize the core injury phenotype induced by Ang II and its modification by pharmacological SIRT1 inhibition. Secondary outcome measures included apoptotic injury markers, specifically the PARP cleavage index, BAX, Bcl-2, and cleaved caspase-3, along with inflammatory transcript responses assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) of TNF-α, IL-6, and NF-κB. Exploratory mechanistic outcomes included acetyl-p53 immunoblotting and analysis of FOXO3a nuclear–cytoplasmic localization to examine potential involvement of the SIRT1–p53–FOXO3a stress-response axis. Results: EX-527 significantly exacerbated the primary injury outcomes induced by Ang II, including reduced cell viability, increased ROS accumulation, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Among the secondary outcomes, SIRT1 inhibition further increased the PARP cleavage index, enhanced BAX and cleaved caspase-3, suppressed Bcl-2, and augmented the Ang II–induced upregulation of inflammatory transcripts. Exploratory mechanistic analyses showed increased p53 acetylation and reduced nuclear enrichment of FOXO3a in the Ang II + EX-527 group, supporting involvement of the SIRT1–p53–FOXO3a axis in the aggravated injury phenotype. Conclusions: These pharmacological findings suggest that basal SIRT1 activity protects against Ang II–mediated myocardial injury by maintaining mitochondrial integrity and suppressing oxidative, apoptotic, and inflammatory cascades, with parallel changes in p53 acetylation and FOXO3a localization consistent with involvement of the p53–FOXO3a stress-response axis. However, causal validation of this pathway will require genetic and rescue-based studies. Pharmacological inhibition of SIRT1 aggravated Ang II–induced injury phenotypes in cardiac cell models, supporting SIRT1 activation as a potential therapeutic approach in hypertensive heart disease, although genetic validation remains required.

Urinary tract infections are among the most common bacterial infections encountered in clinical practice, with Escherichia coli representing the dominant urinary pathogen. Increasing detection of multidrug-resistant and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing uropathogens has narrowed empirical treatment options and renewed interest in fosfomycin. However, local long-term surveillance data on fosfomycin susceptibility remain limited in Pakistan. This study evaluated temporal changes in major urinary isolate categories and fosfomycin susceptibility patterns within a diagnostic laboratory network in Pakistan from 2013 to 2025. An exploratory molecular sub-analysis was also performed to assess selected resistance-associated transcript patterns in archived fosfomycin-susceptible and fosfomycin-resistant isolates. A retrospective laboratory-based, isolate-level analysis was conducted using anonymized urine culture records. The source database included 34,230 urine sample records, from which eligible culture-positive urinary isolates with required organism classification and fosfomycin susceptibility data were included in the final analytical dataset. Analyses were performed across predefined mutually exclusive study intervals. Organism categories included non-ESBL E. coli, ESBL-producing E. coli, laboratory-coded ESBL E. coli 24 variant, Klebsiella spp., and Enterococcus spp. The ESBL E. coli 24 variant was treated as a laboratory reporting category, not as a genomically confirmed clone or sequence type. Fosfomycin resistance was evaluated using interval-based comparisons and odds ratios. A selected subset of 24 archived isolates, including fosfomycin-susceptible and fosfomycin-resistant E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, was analyzed by RT-qPCR for glpT, uhpT, murA, fosA, fosA3, and blaCTX-M transcript abundance. The final isolate-level analytical dataset included 17,978 eligible urinary isolates. Among urine records with available sex data, female-associated records represented the majority throughout the study period, but this finding reflects laboratory record distribution rather than patient-level UTI prevalence. E. coli remained the predominant urinary isolate category. Non-ESBL E. coli declined across study intervals, whereas ESBL-associated E. coli categories represented a larger proportion of isolates in later years. The laboratory-coded ESBL E. coli 24 variant increased in later intervals, although this finding requires cautious interpretation because confirmatory molecular typing was not performed. Fosfomycin resistance showed a non-linear temporal pattern: resistance decreased from the early to the middle interval and then increased markedly to 23.8% during 2021–2025, while susceptibility declined to 60.6% in the same interval. Compared with the middle interval, isolates from 2021–2025 had higher odds of fosfomycin resistance (OR = 3.64, 95% CI: 3.23–4.12; p < 0.001). In the exploratory molecular subset, resistant isolates showed lower transcript abundance of selected uptake-associated genes, particularly glpT and uhpT, and higher expression of selected fosfomycin- and ESBL-associated genes, including fosA, fosA3, and blaCTX-M. These findings represent transcriptional associations in selected isolates and do not establish definitive resistance mechanisms. Urinary isolates in this diagnostic-network dataset showed a temporal shift toward greater representation of laboratory-reported ESBL-associated E. coli categories and a marked increase in fosfomycin resistance during 2021–2025. The findings support continued local surveillance of urinary pathogens and periodic reassessment of fosfomycin susceptibility for antimicrobial-stewardship guidance. The molecular findings should be interpreted as exploratory transcriptional observations because they were based on a small selected isolate subset and were not supported by genomic, mutational, uptake, or functional validation.