Gábor Kovács

57201759441

Publications - 31

Forensic DNA elimination databases in Europe: A comparative analysis of data from seven countries

Mónika Nogel Gábor Kovács Zsolt Pádár

Publication Name: Forensic Science International Synergy

Publication Date: 2025-12-01

Volume: 11

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

Forensic DNA elimination databases are valuable tools for identifying potential contamination risks during forensic investigations. This study provides a comparative analysis of the design, implementation, and effectiveness of forensic DNA elimination databases across seven European countries: Sweden, Germany, Czechia, Poland, the Netherlands, the UK, and Finland. Data were collected through structured inquiries sent to ENFSI member states’ forensic DNA laboratories, focusing on key aspects such as legal frameworks, database sizes, and contamination cases identified through the elimination database. The results reveal significant differences in the establishment and management of these databases, reflecting diverse legal and operational contexts. The findings underscore the need to ensure that all European countries implement their elimination databases to standardize forensic procedures and improve the reliability of DNA evidence. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of introducing harmonized frameworks for forensic DNA elimination databases to enhance transparency, accessibility, and efficiency in forensic DNA practices across Europe.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2025.100617

Investigation of Convective and Radiative Heat Transfer of 21700 Lithium-Ion Battery Cells

Szabolcs Fischer Gábor Kovács Szabolcs Kocsis Szurke

Publication Name: Batteries

Publication Date: 2025-07-01

Volume: 11

Issue: 7

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

Due to their high energy density and power potential, 21700 lithium-ion battery cells are a widely used technology in hybrid and electric vehicles. Efficient thermal management is essential for maximizing the performance and capacity of Li-ion cells in both low- and high-temperature operating conditions. Optimizing thermal management systems remains critical, particularly for long-range and weight-sensitive applications. In these contexts, passive heat dissipation emerges as an ideal solution, offering effective thermal regulation with minimal additional system weight. This study aims to deepen the understanding of passive heat dissipation in 21700 battery cells and optimize their performance. Special emphasis is placed on analyzing heat transfer and the relative contributions of convective and radiative mechanisms under varying temperature and discharge conditions. Laboratory experiments were conducted under controlled environmental conditions at various discharge rates, ranging from 0.5×C to 5×C. A 3D-printed polymer casing was applied to the cell to enhance thermal dissipation, designed specifically to increase radiative heat transfer while minimizing system weight and reliance on active cooling solutions. Additionally, a numerical model was developed and optimized using experimental data. This model simulates convective and radiative heat transfer mechanisms with minimal computational demand. The optimized numerical model is intended to facilitate further investigation of the cell envelope strategy at the module and battery pack levels in future studies.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/batteries11070246

Driver Distraction Detection in Extreme Conditions Using Kolmogorov–Arnold Networks

Szabolcs Fischer János Hollósi Mykola Sysyn Gábor Kovács Dmytro Kurhan Viktor Nagy

Publication Name: Computers

Publication Date: 2025-05-01

Volume: 14

Issue: 5

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

Driver distraction can have severe safety consequences, particularly in public transportation. This paper presents a novel approach for detecting bus driver actions, such as mobile phone usage and interactions with passengers, using Kolmogorov–Arnold networks (KANs). The adversarial FGSM attack method was applied to assess the robustness of KANs in extreme driving conditions, like adverse weather, high-traffic situations, and bad visibility conditions. In this research, a custom dataset was used in collaboration with a partner company in the field of public transportation. This allows the efficiency of Kolmogorov–Arnold network solutions to be verified using real data. The results suggest that KANs can enhance driver distraction detection under challenging conditions, with improved resilience against adversarial attacks, particularly in low-complexity networks.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/computers14050184

Penetration capability of 0.177 (4.5 mm) air gun pellet and the characteristics of the entrance wound at various impact energies between 3.28 - 15.64 J on porcine skin. An experimental study

Viktor Soma Poór Sándor Szukits Gábor Simon Gábor Kovács Karola Petrus Emil Hamza Norbert Szabián Furkan Yaşlıoğlu

Publication Name: Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine

Publication Date: 2025-04-01

Volume: 111

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

Air guns generate a large number of shot injuries, while pellets can produce life-threatening or lethal injuries by penetrating deep tissue. The assessment of air gun injuries include determining the direction and the distance of the shot, the type of arm, and the penetration capability of the pellet. Answering these questions can be challenging since air gun injuries have received less attention in scientific studies. This study aimed to determine skin and soft-tissue penetration capabilities and wound characteristics of air guns at different impact energies. Test shots were conducted on porcine tissue and ballistic gel with 0.177 caliber air guns from different shooting distances between impact energies of 3.28 and 15.71 J (111 m/s to 243.5 m/s). Entrance wound appearance, size, and penetration depth were compared. The penetration capabilities of the pellet with different impact energies are assessed and discussed. No difference was found in the entrance wound shape and appearance between shots from different distances and impact energy. The results indicate that 0.177 caliber air guns above 7.5 J of muzzle energy can easily penetrate deep into soft tissue, thus able to cause severe, life-threatening injuries. An air gun with a muzzle energy below 7.5 J muzzle energy can still cause severe injury up to 20–30 m as the projectile has enough energy to create several centimeter-deep penetrations.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2025.102849

Detection of Bus Driver Mobile Phone Usage Using Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks

Á Ballagi Szabolcs Fischer János Hollósi Gábor Kovács Viktor Nagy

Publication Name: Computers

Publication Date: 2024-09-01

Volume: 13

Issue: 9

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

This research introduces a new approach for detecting mobile phone use by drivers, exploiting the capabilities of Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KAN) to improve road safety and comply with regulations prohibiting phone use while driving. To address the lack of available data for this specific task, a unique dataset was constructed consisting of images of bus drivers in two scenarios: driving without phone interaction and driving while on a phone call. This dataset provides the basis for the current research. Different KAN-based networks were developed for custom action recognition tailored to the nuanced task of identifying drivers holding phones. The system’s performance was evaluated against convolutional neural network-based solutions, and differences in accuracy and robustness were observed. The aim was to propose an appropriate solution for professional Driver Monitoring Systems (DMS) in research and development and to investigate the efficiency of KAN solutions for this specific sub-task. The implications of this work extend beyond enforcement, providing a foundational technology for automating monitoring and improving safety protocols in the commercial and public transport sectors. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the efficacy of KAN network layers in neural network designs for driver monitoring applications.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/computers13090218

Bus Driver Head Position Detection Using Capsule Networks under Dynamic Driving Conditions

Á Ballagi Szabolcs Fischer János Hollósi Gábor Kovács Viktor Nagy

Publication Name: Computers

Publication Date: 2024-03-01

Volume: 13

Issue: 3

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

Monitoring bus driver behavior and posture in urban public transport’s dynamic and unpredictable environment requires robust real-time analytics systems. Traditional camera-based systems that use computer vision techniques for facial recognition are foundational. However, they often struggle with real-world challenges such as sudden driver movements, active driver–passenger interactions, variations in lighting, and physical obstructions. Our investigation covers four different neural network architectures, including two variations of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) that form the comparative baseline. The capsule network (CapsNet) developed by our team has been shown to be superior in terms of efficiency and speed in facial recognition tasks compared to traditional models. It offers a new approach for rapidly and accurately detecting a driver’s head position within the wide-angled view of the bus driver’s cabin. This research demonstrates the potential of CapsNets in driver head and face detection and lays the foundation for integrating CapsNet-based solutions into real-time monitoring systems to enhance public transportation safety protocols.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/computers13030066

Face Detection Using a Capsule Network for Driver Monitoring Application

Á Ballagi Szabolcs Fischer János Hollósi Gábor Kovács Viktor Nagy

Publication Name: Computers

Publication Date: 2023-08-01

Volume: 12

Issue: 8

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

Bus driver distraction and cognitive load lead to higher accident risk. Driver distraction sources and complex physical and psychological effects must be recognized and analyzed in real-world driving conditions to reduce risk and enhance overall road safety. The implementation of a camera-based system utilizing computer vision for face recognition emerges as a highly viable and effective driver monitoring approach applicable in public transport. Reliable, accurate, and unnoticeable software solutions need to be developed to reach the appropriate robustness of the system. The reliability of data recording depends mainly on external factors, such as vibration, camera lens contamination, lighting conditions, and other optical performance degradations. The current study introduces Capsule Networks (CapsNets) for image processing and face detection tasks. The authors’ goal is to create a fast and accurate system compared to state-of-the-art Neural Network (NN) algorithms. Based on the seven tests completed, the authors’ solution outperformed the other networks in terms of performance degradation in six out of seven cases. The results show that the applied capsule-based solution performs well, and the degradation in efficiency is noticeably smaller than for the presented convolutional neural networks when adversarial attack methods are used. From an application standpoint, ensuring the security and effectiveness of an image-based driver monitoring system relies heavily on the mitigation of disruptive occurrences, commonly referred to as “image distractions,” which represent attacks on the neural network.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/computers12080161

Acceptance of self-driving cars among the university community: Effects of gender, previous experience, technology adoption propensity, and attitudes toward autonomous vehicles

Győző Kurucz Gábor Kovács Ágnes Hőgye-Nagy

Publication Name: Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour

Publication Date: 2023-04-01

Volume: 94

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 353-361

Description:

This article investigates the acceptance of autonomous cars based on the role of attitudes toward autonomous vehicles, acceptance of technology, previous experiences, and gender. Using an online survey, which includes the Acceptance of Autonomous Vehicles (AVAS) and Technology Adoption Propensity scale (TAP), a sample of 1273 members of a university community was collected. Acceptance of using autonomous cars in a test drive and ordinary, real traffic scenarios, as well as the intention to buy one were measured via self-administered items. We used conditional process modeling to get a more detailed insight into the connections among these factors. The findings revealed that all four factors of attitudes towards autonomous vehicles (benefits in usefulness, benefits in situations, commonalities concerns, system concerns) but only the optimism factor of technology adaption propensity affected the acceptance. Dependency seemed to affect benefits in usefulness and the two concern variables. Gender differences are almost entirely explained away by the effects of attitudes. Previous experience had no significant effect in the model.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2023.03.005

Testing Road Vehicle User Interfaces Concerning the Driver’s Cognitive Load

P. Földesi Szabolcs Fischer Szabolcs Szalai Mykola Sysyn Gábor Kovács Dmytro Kurhan Viktor Nagy

Publication Name: Infrastructures

Publication Date: 2023-03-01

Volume: 8

Issue: 3

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

This paper investigates the usability of touch screens used in mass production road vehicles. Our goal is to provide a detailed comparison of conventional physical buttons and capacitive touch screens taking the human factor into account. The pilot test focuses on a specific Non-driving Related Task (NDRT): the control of the on-board climate system using a touch screen panel versus rotating knobs and push buttons. Psychological parameters, functionality, usability and, the ergonomics of In-Vehicle Information Systems (IVIS) were evaluated using a specific questionnaire, a system usability scale (SUS), workload assessment (NASA-TLX), and a physiological sensor system. The measurements are based on a wearable eye-tracker that provides fixation points of the driver’s gaze in order to detect distraction. The closed road used for the naturalistic driving study was provided by the ZalaZONE Test Track, Zalaegerszeg, Hungary. Objective and subjective results of the pilot study indicate that the control of touch screen panels causes higher visual, manual, and cognitive distraction than the use of physical buttons. The statistical analysis demonstrated that conventional techniques need to be complemented in order to better represent human behavior differences.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/infrastructures8030049

Car Simulator Study for the Development of a Bring-Your-Own-Device (BYOD) Dashboard Concept

P. Földesi Gábor Kovács Viktor Nagy Ágoston Pál Sándor

Publication Name: Chemical Engineering Transactions

Publication Date: 2023-01-01

Volume: 107

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 415-420

Description:

In-Vehicle Information Systems (IVIS) have evolved with the integration of advanced technologies like touchscreens, enhancing vehicle functionality and infotainment features. However, the development of sustainable and user-centric dashboard interfaces embracing the Bring-Your-Own-Device (BYOD) concept remains limited. This research aims to explore the usability, advantages, and disadvantages of the BYOD concept within the context of IVIS. Specifically, it investigated the control of the onboard air conditioning system and selected Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) functions. To accomplish this, a complex simulation environment using Unity, Blender, and C# was developed. Eye-tracking technology was utilized to record participants' gaze patterns and attention allocation during experimental tasks. Following the simulation, participants provided subjective usability assessments of the system through questionnaires. The integration of a mobile phone with a suitable user interface as part of the BYOD concept generally led to enhanced usability and reduced distraction. This study underscores the potential benefits of integrating the BYOD concept into IVIS, emphasizing improved usability, sustainability, and user-friendliness. These findings hold significance for advancing the design of user-centric, sustainable interfaces in automotive technology.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3303/CET23107070

Numerical Optimization of Battery Heat Management of Electric Vehicles

Szabolcs Fischer Mykola Sysyn Gábor Kovács Jianxing Liu Szabolcs Kocsis Szurke

Publication Name: Journal of Applied and Computational Mechanics

Publication Date: 2023-01-01

Volume: 9

Issue: 4

Page Range: 1076-1092

Description:

Lithium-ion battery technology in the modern automotive industry utilizes highly temperature-sensitive batteries. Here, air cooling strategies will be the most applicable for the chosen example based on strategies for temperature control. Simulations have been utilized to evaluate the different thermal management strategies. A battery model was developed using the solutions offered by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation technology. It utilizes the heat produced by the discharge of the battery cells. Due to the simulation's limited computational capacity, the energy transfer model was implemented with a simplified but sufficiently complex physical mesh. Ten actual measurements were conducted in the laboratory to investigate the heating of the cell during the charging and discharging of 18650-type batteries. The results were applied to validate the simulation model. The simulation outcomes and thermal camera readings were compared. The cell-level numerical model was then extended to examine the temperature variation at the system level. The primary design objective is to achieve the highest energy density possible, which necessitates that the cells be constructed as closely as possible; however, increasing the distance between the cells can provide superior cooling from a thermal management perspective. The effect of varying the distance between individual cells on the system's heating was analyzed. Greater distance resulted in a more efficient heat transfer. It was also discovered that, in some instances, a small distance between cells produces inferior results compared to when constructed adjacently. A critical distance range has been established based on these simulations, which facilitates the placement of the cells.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.22055/jacm.2023.43703.4119

DNA extraction and STR profiling from histological slides

Viktor Soma Poór Gábor Kovács Vivien Fejes Marah Alhabahbeh Zsolt Pádár

Publication Name: Forensic Science International Genetics Supplement Series

Publication Date: 2022-12-01

Volume: 8

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 176-177

Description:

Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks are commonly used in the field of pathology and forensic pathology as a source of histological slides. For postmortem kinship analysis or identification, DNA can be extracted from blocks with specialized kits. However, when an STR profile should be generated from single microscope slides, the removal of the coverslip and the limited sample size poses unique challenges. We aimed to test the effectivity of agitated xylene incubation to dissolve the mounting material to facilitate the coverslip removal. DNA extraction tests were performed on 5- to 7-year-old histological slides. Xylol was used to dissolve the mounting medium to facilitate cover slide removal, one set of samples was shaken during incubation, and the other set was left still. It was found that shaking the sample while bathed in xylol decreased the incubation time from three days to two days. Agitation not just reduced the processing time but increased the quality of acquired STR profiles: on average 30% more alleles were detected from the shaken samples compared to the still bathed ones.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2022.10.026

Contamination of forensic DNA evidence in the light of Hungarian court decisions – A review of 25 years

Petra Zenke Mónika Nogel Gábor Kovács Zsolt Pádár Katalin Erdélyi

Publication Name: Forensic Science International Genetics Supplement Series

Publication Date: 2022-12-01

Volume: 8

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 242-244

Description:

The evaluation of forensic DNA expert opinions (in some countries expert witness testimonies) and the way it affects criminal judgement is of paramount importance. We have selected one of the largest challenges when it comes to the evaluation of forensic DNA evidence, contamination of DNA samples, and examined how it influences the decisions judges make about the credibility of DNA evidence in Hungary.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2022.10.049

The catalyst-like role of forensic genetics in the developmental process of Hungarian wildlife forensics

Petra Zenke Viktor Soma Poór Mónika Nogel Gábor Kovács Zsolt Pádár

Publication Name: Forensic Science International Genetics Supplement Series

Publication Date: 2022-12-01

Volume: 8

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 263-264

Description:

The anthropocentric nature of forensic sciences has been changing continuously over the years and this process is continuing today. Due to its universality and multilateral implementation, and the fragmented nature of forensic epistemology, the information provided by forensic genetics can play a pivotal role in forensic science. At the same time, the link between forensic genetics and non-human forensic biological evidence has become unquestionable. It may highlight the modern requirements of forensic science, and this connection is also able to provide useful and sufficient examples for developmental processes in wildlife forensics. Obviously, the local formations, organizations, and operations of wildlife forensics can be different worldwide, but the detection and punishment of wildlife-related criminal behavior, as well as the prevention of further crimes, play a relevant role in these processes everywhere.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2022.10.056

Local Binary Pattern-Based Fingerprint Matching

P. Földesi Boldizsar Tuu-Szabo Gábor Kovács L. T. Koczy Szilvia Nagy

Publication Name: Studies in Computational Intelligence

Publication Date: 2022-01-01

Volume: 959

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 183-188

Description:

In this paper we propose an image-based fingerprint recognition system. The method is based on Local Binary Pattern features extracted from the region of the fingerprint image around the core point. The experiments on the FVC2002 fingerprint databases show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-74970-5_21

Human factor aspects of situation awareness in autonomous cars – an overview of psychological approaches

Győző Kurucz Gábor Kovács Ágnes Hőgye-Nagy

Publication Name: Acta Polytechnica Hungarica

Publication Date: 2021-01-01

Volume: 18

Issue: 7

Page Range: 7-24

Description:

The aim of the article is to give an overview of human factor research in psychology applicable to autonomous driving. The study is centered around situation awareness, a widely used concept in human factor research regarding the operation of automated and semi-automated systems (and communication between autonomous vehicles and humans). A proposal is put forward for structuring situation awareness requirements for autonomous driving, which could be a starting point for defining such requirements, and may foster a discussion on the issues associated with the human factor in relation to autonomous driving. Two models of human error (the SHELL model and the Swiss cheese model) are also introduced, one of which represents an integrated approach of error in situations that involve humans working with complex machinery or instruments, while the other represents a more superficial viewpoint on the multicausal nature of errors. The present overview can provide an appropriate basis for a discussion about the role of the driver in autonomous vehicles, and the place of human factor research in the emerging field of self-driving technology.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.12700/APH.18.7.2021.7.1

Legislation of forensic DNA analysis in Hungary - past, present and future

Mónika Nogel Andras Czebe Gábor Kovács Zsolt Pádár

Publication Name: Forensic Science International Genetics Supplement Series

Publication Date: 2019-12-01

Volume: 7

Issue: 1

Page Range: 604-606

Description:

Ever since the first application of DNA analysis in criminal casework in 1992, the conditions under which forensic DNA analysis is performed within the Hungarian law have been developed and subsequently approved, in parallel with the establishment of a national database report of forensic DNA. Act XLVII of 2009 (on the Criminal Records System, on the Records of EU Member State Court Rulings against Hungarian Citizens as well as on the Records of Biometric Criminal and Law Enforcement Data) constituted the legal framework for this. Moreover, Act XXIX of 2016 (on Judicial Experts), Act CXII of 2011 (on the Right of Informational Self-Determination and on Freedom of Information), as well as Regulation 12/2016. (V.4.) of the Minister of Interior (on Rules of Taking Fingerprints, Palm prints, Photographs and DNA samples), as well as the Provisions of 31/2008. (XII. 31.) of the Minister of Local Government (on the work of forensic experts, respectively) went on to specify the professional requirements necessary for forensic DNA analysis. The regulations of the EU must also be taken into consideration. Of particular significance, are the escalations undertaken by the EU for the purpose of combating transnational crime as developed in the Prüm Treaty, and, under Council Decision 2008/615/JHA and Council Decision 2008/616/JHA, became ratified into its partial transformation into an EU-wide tool for cooperation. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has also introduced a new and seemingly far-reaching exemption to the general prohibitive conditions applied to the processing of genetic data. The question of whether, and which kind of, consent is required remains left to other applicable EU and national laws. The aim of this study is to provide an overview on how Hungarian legislation of forensic DNA has changed over the past 27 years, to illustrate the current legal context in addition to providing a conceptual theoretical framework for future legislation, including the rules of forensic DNA typing and legal regulation connected to DNA-databases.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2019.10.107

A work in progress - accreditation of forensic DNA laboratories as a part of the, European Forensic Science Area 2020 (EFSA 2020)” concept

Mónika Nogel Andras Czebe Gábor Kovács Zsolt Pádár

Publication Name: Forensic Science International Genetics Supplement Series

Publication Date: 2019-12-01

Volume: 7

Issue: 1

Page Range: 836-837

Description:

As 2020 is approaching, various stakeholders and EU Member States are currently implementing some elements of the EFSA2020 concept. EFSA2020 offers Europe the chance to raise the quality level of its forensic science and in doing so, improve the public's confidence in the administration of justice. However, there is plenty of opportunity for further progress in creating the common forensic area. The paper will focus on accreditation of forensic DNA laboratories in V4 countries.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2019.10.195

Developing legal regulation of forensic DNA-phenotyping in Hungary

Mónika Nogel Andras Czebe Gábor Kovács Zsolt Pádár

Publication Name: Forensic Science International Genetics Supplement Series

Publication Date: 2019-12-01

Volume: 7

Issue: 1

Page Range: 609-611

Description:

Traditional DNA forensics uses short tandem repeats (STRs) to match a DNA sample to a suspect or a database. However, when no suspect has been identified and there is a lack of database hits, these markers cannot help the investigators to solve a crime. A considerable amount of literature has been published on DNA phenotyping in the past few years. Not surprisingly, some ethical and legal aspects are needed to be discussed about FDP since this technology provides a greater number of details about the proprietary ownership of samples, their family members, even as about their larger community (ethnical group).

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2019.10.109

Sex determination using circulating cell-free fetal DNA in small volume of maternal plasma in elephants

Petra Zenke Boglárka Vincze Sándor Cseh Endre Ákos Papp Gábor Kovács Alexandra Biácsi László Garamvölgyi Zsolt Pádár András Gáspárdy Endre Sós

Publication Name: Scientific Reports

Publication Date: 2019-12-01

Volume: 9

Issue: 1

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

The genetic sexing of animals having long gestation periods offers significant benefits in regard to breeding management among their populations living in captivity. In our study, a new increased-sensitivity PCR method for fetal sexing was developed and tested successfully on elephants, from only a small volume of maternal plasma. Suitable sensitivity was obtained by using short, reduced amplicon lengths with fluorescent labelling for capillary electrophoresis detection. The fundamental principle for this technique was based on the detection of two Y-specific markers (AmelY and SRY), the presence of which indicates the mother is carrying a male fetus and the absence of these markers designates a female fetus. As a reaction control, the X-chromosomal marker (PlpX) was used. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on this topic, confirming the presence of fetal cell-free DNA from the plasma of a pregnant captive elephant, and demonstrating a new opportunity for non-invasive assessment in fetal sex determination.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51641-8

Implementation of genetic based individualization of White stork (Ciconia ciconia) in forensic casework

Petra Zenke Gábor Kovács Zsolt Pádár Balázs Egyed

Publication Name: Forensic Science International Genetics

Publication Date: 2019-05-01

Volume: 40

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: e245-e247

Description:

No description provided

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.02.001

Identification and dynamic analysis of crime hot-spots in Hungary by a complex Computer Intelligence approach

P. Földesi Boldizsar Tuu-Szabo Gábor Kovács Gergő Fogarasi L. T. Koczy Szilvia Nagy

Publication Name: Ines 2019 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Intelligent Engineering Systems Proceedings

Publication Date: 2019-04-01

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 247-252

Description:

In the field of forensic science, crime maps are widely used. The representation of the data and analysis could offer some steps forward for crime prevention. Clustering is able to help identify criminal hot-spots and further analysis designate which require intervention. The aim of this study is to present a first step in the analysis of Hungary-related criminal information.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1109/INES46365.2019.9109437

Changes in disability, reduced working ability and rehabilitation benefits in Hungary between 1990 and 2015

Gábor Kovács

Publication Name: Orvosi Hetilap

Publication Date: 2019-02-01

Volume: 160

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 29-36

Description:

Introduction: In our study, based on the data of the last 25 years, we analyzed the changes in the cash benefits paid to people with reduced working capacity, currently accounting for nearly 30% of the budget of the National Health Insurance Fund of Hungary. Aim: The purpose of our study is to compare the statistical data of the past 25 years and the changes in the legal environment. Methods: Our research was based on the data series of the National Health Insurance Fund of Hungary and the Hungarian Central Statistical Office as well as on the public finance reports of the State Audit Office of Hungary and the Ministry for National Economy. For the period under review, we analyzed the extent of the cash benefits paid to people with reduced working capacity, the measures taken to reduce these benefits, and the related legal background. In the long term, we examined the relevant dimension of the complex sociological processes in the background as well as the medical evaluation of the changed working ability. Results: In the last 25 years, benefits (annuity, retirement) paid under different denominations (disability, work ability reduction, health impairment, rehabilitation benefit) are still a decisive part of the health insurance budget (HUF 315 billion in 2016). Serious efforts have been made to replace the previously funded system of invalidity pension and annuity system, with the complex medical, occupational, and social rehabilitation, maintenance and improvement of the remaining state of health. The purpose of the measures is essentially to reduce budget expenditures and to improve the utilization of the amount paid on rehabilitation benefits. Conclusion: The sociological changes that occurred during the long period of time regrettably helped to initially increase the number of recipients of invalidity benefits, to stabilize them at a high level and to have a significant burden on the budget. This could not be counterbalanced by the rehabilitation approach of money supply either.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1556/650.2019.31372

Az Egészségbiztosítási alap munkaerőpiaci kapcsolódásai magyarországon

Gábor Kovács Imre Boncz

Publication Name: Orvosi Hetilap

Publication Date: 2019-02-01

Volume: 160

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 3-5

Description:

No description provided

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1556/650.2019.31410

Crime “hot-spots” identification and analysis in Hungary by computational intelligence

P. Földesi Boldizsar Tuu-Szabo Gábor Kovács Gergő Fogarasi L. T. Koczy Szilvia Nagy

Publication Name: Acta Polytechnica Hungarica

Publication Date: 2019-01-01

Volume: 16

Issue: 10

Page Range: 137-155

Description:

In the constantly growing and widening field of forensic science, crime maps are used in versatile ways. The representation of the data and analysis could offer some steps toward crime prevention and helps understand patterns, in terms of a timely distribution of crime types. Clustering is able to help identify criminal hot-spots and additional analysis may determine which areas require intervention. The aim of this study is to present an analysis of criminal information related to Hungary, in annual and monthly breakdown.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.12700/APH.16.10.2019.10.9

How cognitive infocommunications play a critical role in shaping the future of forensic sciences defining forensic cognitive infocommunications

Andras Czebe Gábor Kovács

Publication Name: 7th IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications Coginfocom 2016 Proceedings

Publication Date: 2017-01-03

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 283-287

Description:

Forensic sciences are facing radical changes. Cognitive technologies are one of the main efforts in forming these changes which can fulfill cognitive procedures that were once exclusively the scope of forensic experts. However, the acquisition of a cognitive structure that makes experts more effectual, can also lead them to erroneous identifications. Therefore, one must fully examine and interpret how information transfer occurs between two cognitive beings. Our focus in this paper is to lay the basis and to inspire further research on the development of Forensic Cognitive Infocommunications.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1109/CogInfoCom.2016.7804562

The impact of bias in latent fingerprint identification

Andras Czebe Gábor Kovács

Publication Name: 6th IEEE Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications Coginfocom 2015 Proceedings

Publication Date: 2016-01-25

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 569-574

Description:

As demonstrated by the misidentification of Brandon Mayfield in the Madrid Train Bombing case, and a growing body of scientific research, it is clear that forensic examiners are prime candidates for cognitive biases. In this article, we overview latent fingerprint identification and methodology including the utilization of Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems. Then we consider recent empirical work on cognitive biases that can taint fingerprint examiners' conclusions. Finally we provide methods that would minimize such impacts in latent fingerprint identification.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1109/CogInfoCom.2015.7390656

Misinterpretation of sample contamination in a Hungarian casework

Gábor Kovács Zsolt Pádár

Publication Name: Forensic Science International Genetics Supplement Series

Publication Date: 2015-12-01

Volume: 5

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: e425-e427

Description:

The risk of contamination is a generally recognized and intensively researched field of forensic DNA [1–5]. In spite of quality assurance systems, recommendations and regulations, this risk is always present even in routine casework as evidenced by this example from Hungary. In a murder case, buried bodies were discovered and exhumed. The genetic analyses of remains were performed in two different laboratories (A and B). In case of unidentifiable N.N. body the first analysis in “Lab A” used the soft tissues (muscle) from bone sample. Based on the results, the first two opinions of “Lab A” excluded the biological relationship of N.N. with the putative relatives. The subsequent analysis of “Lab B” used the soft tissue parallel to the bone sample from the N.N. body, and the opinion supported the hypothesis of biological (maternal) relationship with high probability (W = 99.999%). We examined and tried to resolve the contradictions presented by the two interpretations, which originate from contamination of the remaining soft tissue.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2015.09.169

Accreditation of forensic laboratories as a part of the “European Forensic Science 2020” concept in countries of the Visegrad Group

Mónika Nogel Gábor Kovács Zsolt Pádár

Publication Name: Forensic Science International Genetics Supplement Series

Publication Date: 2015-12-01

Volume: 5

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: e412-e413

Description:

Globalising, cross-border crime has led EU Member States to improve methods of fighting crime on an international level as well as to increase the mutual recognition of collecting and analysing evidence by one another. In the interest of the regulated and scheduled implementation of the harmonization process, the Council of the EU made a decision of The Vision for European Forensic Science 2020 including the creation of a European Forensic Science Area and the development of forensic science infrastructure in Europe [EFSA 2020] to ensure the equivalence of professional forensic examinations. The collection, processing, use and delivery of forensic data will be based on equivalent minimum forensic science standards, and forensic service providers will work on the basis of a common approach to implement these standards that foster closer cooperation between them and criminal justice systems. The accreditation of forensic laboratories is a corner stone of the above mentioned objectives [1–3]. Ensuring the integrity of DNA profiles the Council issued decision 2008/616/JHA the application of EN ISO/IEC 17025 standard regarding the operation of testing and calibration laboratories has been ordered [4]. According to Council Framework Decision 2009/905/JHA on the accreditation of judicial expert laboratories, the laboratories have to be accredited until 30th November 2015 [5]. We investigated the regulations, decisions and rules national and international measures of the given area.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2015.09.163

Increasing relevance of non-human genetics in Hungarian forensic practice

Petra Zenke Gábor Kovács Zsolt Pádár Balázs Egyed

Publication Name: Forensic Science International Genetics Supplement Series

Publication Date: 2015-12-01

Volume: 5

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: e250-e252

Description:

In step with the evolution of molecular genetics, the application of non-human biological traces is an intensively researched field in forensic sciences [1]. Recently it has been widely acknowledged that this extended possibility – with associated abilities and pitfalls – for forensic DNA examination can provide innovative results in criminal and civil casework as well as in connection with associative evidence. Depending on the specific species or types of traces, the final results can have very different criminalistics value (e.g., plants, dogs or microbiome of soil traces), but it is unquestionable that non-human DNA has an increasing role in forensic biological evidence [2–4]. However, in contrast to the investigation of human DNA-traces, there currently exist no restrictions concerning DNA loci and privacy of genetic information, and a wide spectrum of genetic information and technologies may be applied. The field is developing with animal rights, international (e.g. CITES) conventions, national regulations and professional recommendations [5–7]. The Hungarian forensic practice on animal DNA examination has been developing since 2000 [8]. The range of cases is sufficiently broad, and includes fatal accidents and animal attacks (case #1) as well as illegal trade cases (case #2). In case of degraded animal hair samples we used two sets of Canine STR markers with shortened amplicons, and species specific primers (Ursus sp.) for mitochondrial DNA analysis of mixed samples (case #2), respectively. The results supported the evaluation of individualization (case #1), confirming the species identification (case #2).

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2015.09.100

The fight against financing terrorism: New challenges and developments in Hungarian law

Péter Nyitrai Gábor Kovács

Publication Name: Acta Juridica Hungarica

Publication Date: 2014-01-01

Volume: 55

Issue: 3

Page Range: 236-260

Description:

No description provided

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1556/AJur.55.2014.3.2