Botond Géza Kálmán
57215096515
Publications - 14
The impact of domestic material consumption and energy mix on socioeconomic indicators—A global analysis from 1990 to 2022
Publication Name: Resources Policy
Publication Date: 2025-08-01
Volume: 107
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Relevance: Understanding the relationship between economic growth, resource consumption, and social development is crucial for sustainable policy-making. While economic expansion is often linked to improved well-being, its effects depend on material consumption patterns and energy dependency. Goals: This study aims to examine how domestic material consumption (DMC) and energy structure influence human development, particularly across different economic contexts. Methods: Using a panel data approach, the research applies econometric models to analyze the impact of DMC and energy dependency on social indicators. Results: Findings indicate that excessive DMC can hinder sustainable progress, while a higher share of renewable energy contributes to long-term social development and economic stability. Conclusion: The study highlights the need for resource-efficient policies and energy diversification, contributing to the literature on sustainable growth and development strategies.
Open Access: Yes
GEOSPATIAL PATTERNS IN WOMEN’S TOURISM MANAGEMENT: ANALYSIS OF MANAGERIAL TRENDS AND GENDER IMPACT IN HUNGARIAN TOURISM SECTORS
Publication Name: Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites
Publication Date: 2025-01-01
Volume: 59
Issue: 2
Page Range: 608-627
Description:
Gender composition in tourism management plays a critical role in shaping operational efficiency, decision-making processes, and industry growth—particularly in geosites and tourist-dependent regions. This study investigates global geospatial patterns in women’s involvement in tourism leadership, analyzing how gender dynamics influence managerial trends across various tourism sectors.Employing geospatial mapping and statistical techniques, the research draws on a comprehensive dataset that spans multiple countries and tourism contexts. It examines the regional variation in gender representation in managerial roles and its correlation with tourism performance, with a special focus on geosites—natural and cultural landmarks that attract high tourist traffic.The results reveal a marked geospatial disparity in the inclusion of women in tourism management. Regions with higher gender diversity in leadership demonstrate stronger tourism outcomes, including increased visitor engagement at geosites, more adaptive decision-making structures, and improved organizational performance. In contrast, regions with low female representation often lag in tourism growth and service quality. The study identifies cultural norms, institutional frameworks, and policy environments as key drivers of these regional differences. It underscores the importance of inclusive leadership in fostering innovation, resilience, and sustainable tourism development.The findings advocate for targeted policy measures and institutional reforms to promote gender-inclusive management structures. Ultimately, the study concludes that empowering women in tourism leadership not only addresses equity goals but also enhances sectoral dynamism, especially in geosite-rich regions—offering a strategic path toward more sustainable and resilient tourism industries.
Open Access: Yes
SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GOALS BASED ON DETERMINANTS OF RESOURCE PRODUCTIVITY IN THE NETHERLANDS AND HUNGARY
Publication Name: Environmental Economics
Publication Date: 2025-01-01
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Page Range: 114-128
Description:
Resource productivity has become an important indicator of sustainable economic growth in a situation when natural resources are becoming scarce and environmental stress is growing. This paper examines the drivers of resource productivity in the case of the Netherlands and Hungary, two countries featuring diversified economies and contexts. This paper evaluates the contribution of waste management, renewable energy sources, human capital, investment, and innovation to sustainability by adopting a combined methods approach. Data from Eurostat and ODYSSEE databases, covering the period from 2011 to 2021, were analyzed using time series comparison and structural equation modeling (SEM). The results indicate that factors such as employment rate, gross fixed capital formation (GFCF), waste recycling, and renewable energy significantly influence resource productivity. The results indicated absolute decoupling for the Netherlands, represented by a 40% increase in productivity with an 11% reduction in materials. In comparison, Hungary recorded relative decoupling with GDP and material consumption increasing by about 49% and 37%, respectively. These findings underpin the importance of tailored policies for the enhancement of resource efficiency and sustainable development.
Open Access: Yes
Coping strategies for financial problems: Based on Hungarian data from the OECD 2022 annual report
Publication Name: International Journal of Innovative Research and Scientific Studies
Publication Date: 2025-01-01
Volume: 8
Issue: 4
Page Range: 407-418
Description:
The aim of this study is to explore the role of demographic factors in strategies to address financial problems, based on data from the OECD Financial Literacy Survey 2022 in Hungary. The analysis focused on differences in age, gender, type of residence, income, and region. The research used multivariate statistical methods, such as canonical correlation analysis and Ridge regression, to identify associations between demographic factors and financial behavior. The results showed that region and age are the most significant determinants of financial strategy choice, while education and income have a smaller impact. Residents in Budapest showed higher financial awareness and more diversified strategies compared to a more traditional approach for rural residents. The results suggest the development of targeted financial education programs that take demographic and regional differences into account, thus supporting the enhancement of financial stability.
Open Access: Yes
THE ROLE OF GEOPARKS IN SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY APPROACH
Publication Name: Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites
Publication Date: 2025-01-01
Volume: 59
Issue: 2
Page Range: 572-586
Description:
This study aims to explore the role of geoheritage in sustainable tourism development by integrating geosites into tourism planning and analyzing their impact on local economies, environmental conservation, and community well-being, and visitor relaxation. The study also examines how the principles of a circular society, which emphasize resource regeneration and human well-being, can be applied to enhance the sustainability and appeal of geoheritage-based tourism. A mixed-methods approach was used, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative analyses. Case studies from Azores Geopark, Jeju Island Geopark, and Marble Arch Caves Geopark were selected to evaluate the socio-economic and environmental impacts of geoheritage-based tourism. The results indicate that geoheritage-based tourism significantly contributes to economic growth and environmental conservation, particularly when supported by strong community involvement and infrastructure development. Statistical analyses revealed positive correlations between visitor numbers and economic benefits, as well as between community engagement and conservation outcomes. Additionally, the promotion of relaxation at geosites was found to reinforce both environmental stewardship and visitor satisfaction, aligning with circular society principles by creating a regenerative tourism model. Geoheritage-based tourism promotes sustainable development by balancing economic, environmental, and social dimensions. The findings suggest that successful tourism management requires careful planning, infrastructure investment, and active community participation. This study did not include a comparative analysis of areas that are underutilized in terms of both geoheritage and geosites with tourism potential, primarily due to limited resources and time constraints. Incorporating such a comparison would offer valuable insights into the key conditions required for the successful development of geoheritage-based tourism. It is anticipated that future research will address these limitations by broadening the scope of case studies to include a more diverse range of geographical contexts. Moreover, future studies should seek to integrate qualitative approaches alongside quantitative approaches in order to better understand the wider social and cultural role and impacts of geoheritage-based tourism, which can thus be an important tourism product worldwide.
Open Access: Yes
NUTS2 regions of the Visegrad countries during the Covid-19 pandemic and recovery
Publication Name: Regional Statistics
Publication Date: 2025-01-01
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Page Range: 418-438
Description:
The study examines the economic recovery of NUTS2 regions in the Visegrad Group (V4) countries after the Covid-19 pandemic. Using Ferenc Jánossy’s trendline theory, the authors assess recovery by comparing current development levels to pre-crisis trends, not just pre-pandemic levels. The focus is on gross domestic product (GDP) per capita adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP) to gauge recovery duration and influencing factors. It also investigates the changes in peripheral area lags due to the pandemic across these regions. The study finds that numerical values are less relevant due to distortion, but comparisons using consistent methodology reveal regional impacts, opportunities, and effective practices. It highlights significant regional differences: areas with diversified economies and adaptable sectors, like Łódź Voivodeship (Łódzkie) in Poland and the Bratislava Region (Bratislava) in Slovakia, fared better, while tourism and service-dependent regions struggled more. The analysis underscores the importance of sectoral diversity and adaptability in crisis mitigation. Slovakia and Hungary experienced varied impacts due to economic policies and structural characteristics. The Bratislava Region (Bratislava) adapted quickly while Budapest’s dominance grew, increasing rural underdevelopment. Regions reliant on tourism, such as Prague (Praha) and Balaton, saw severe declines, whereas agriculture and industry sectors remained relatively stable. We are also planning the second part of the study, supplemented with 2024 data, using our current experiences.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.15196/RS150302
Sustainable city tourism—A systematic analysis of Budapest and Mumbai
Publication Name: Journal of Infrastructure Policy and Development
Publication Date: 2024-01-01
Volume: 8
Issue: 9
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
International Tourist arrivals, guest nights and their contribution to GDP are key indicators reflecting a country’s actual perception. A growing percentage of tourists prioritize environmental awareness across tourism products and services each year. Dest inations aiming to meet the expectations of eco conscious travellers must center sustainability in their branding strategies. This approach aligns with UNWTO (World Tourism Organization of United Nations) Agenda 2030 of sustainable tourism development. This paper examines various dimensions of sustainability in tourism, focusing on Mumbai and Budapest. Using specific sustainability indicators, it employs sustainability city index to compare international tourism in these cities, which face distinct environmental and infrastructural challenges. By using specific sustainability indicators such as: (1) Carbon Emissions: Measurement of the total greenhouse gases produced by the city. (2) Proportion of Green Public Spaces: Evaluation of the percentage of urban areas dedicated to parks and natural spaces. (3) State of Infrastructure: Assessment of the quality and sustainability of urban infrastructure, including transportation systems. (4) Water Usage: Analysis of the amount of water consumed by the city and its conservation practices. (5) Waste Management: Review of the city’s effectiveness in managing and recycling waste. (6) Air Pollution: Monitoring of the levels of pollutants in the air to assess environmental health. This research provides a comprehensive view of how cities can attract environmentally conscious tourists. The findings offer guidance for policy makers and tourism professionals to align strategies with sustainable development goals. This detailed assessment highlights each city’s commitment to sustainability and delivers actionable insights for improving tourism strategies in accordance with global standards. While valuable for tourism professionals, it is important to note that this research covers only six SCI factors, with incomplete data for studied countries. The practical and social implications indicate areas needing improvement to enhance tourist appeal, beneficial for industry professionals and educational purposes. This comparative analysis aids in promoting sustainable tourism and can guide governments in achieving sustainability goals with raising awareness of environmental quality and conscious living.
Open Access: Yes
Obstacles to Finding the Ideal Workplace: A Gender-Based Analysis Across the V4 Countries
Publication Name: Emerging Science Journal
Publication Date: 2025-08-01
Volume: 9
Issue: 4
Page Range: 2261-2274
Description:
This study explores gender-specific barriers to finding an ideal workplace in the Visegrád countries (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia), where similar historical and socioeconomic contexts shape labor market inequalities. Based on the relevant literature, women are disproportionately affected by challenges related to language proficiency, professional networks, and mobility. The research applied a quantitative methodology, including chi-square tests, multiple logistic regression, and cluster analysis, using SPSS Statistics software to analyze the survey data. Findings revealed significant gender disparities. Women report greater difficulties with language and mobility, particularly in Hungary and Slovakia, whereas men benefit more from strong professional connections. The cluster analysis identified three respondent groups: those hindered by language barriers, those with weak networks, and those facing limited mobility. International experience mitigates language challenges, and robust networks ease job search difficulties. In line with the ideals of a circular society, this study also explores how circularity, inclusiveness, and collaboration can help break down gender-based barriers in the labor market. The study’s novelty lies in its comparative regional focus and the integration of statistical methods to segment job-seeker profiles. These insights highlight the need for targeted policies that enhance language skills and foster professional networking opportunities, especially for women. By addressing these barriers, policymakers can better support gender equality in labor market access across Central Europe.
Open Access: Yes
Corruption Perception in the Light of Green Transition Indicators
Publication Name: Sustainable Development and Green Innovation Managing Risk Through Interdisciplinary Approaches and Policy Strategies
Publication Date: 2025-10-27
Volume: Unknown
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: 219-236
Description:
Purpose: This study explores the relationship between green transition areas that promote sustainability and the perceived level of corruption across 41 countries. Need for the study: Corruption undermines sustainability efforts and environmental governance, creating a need to understand its interaction with green transition indicators. Methodology: The study uses data from the Bertelsmann Stiftung (BS) Sustainable Governance Indicators (SGI) 2022 report and Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), deploying statistical methods to examine how environmental policy and participation in international treaties affect corruption. Findings: State performance in environmental policy significantly influences corruption perception, with effects enhanced by international cooperation. Gross greenhouse gas emissions emerge as the most influential indicator, negatively affecting corruption perception by increasing its presence. Practical implications: These findings call for integrating anti-corruption measures into environmental policy frameworks, fostering international collaboration, and enhancing transparency to advance sustainable development and reduce corruption risks.
Open Access: Yes
Coping strategies for financial problems What factors determine financial awareness based on Hungarian data from the OECD 2022 report?
Publication Name: Szociologiai Szemle
Publication Date: 2025-09-24
Volume: 35
Issue: 3
Page Range: 85-109
Description:
The purpose of the study is to reveal the role of demographic factors in the strategies for managing financial problems, based on the data of the OECD’s 2022 financial culture survey in Hungary. The focus of the analysis was age, gender, type of residence, income and differences between regions. The research used multivariate statistical methods such as canonical correlation analysis and Ridge regression to identify relationships between demographic factors and financial behavior. The results showed that region and age are the most significant determining factors in the choice of financial strategies, while education and income have a smaller impact. Budapest residents showed higher financial awareness and more diversified strategies, compared to the more traditional approach of rural residents. Based on the results, it is recommended to develop targeted financial education programs that take into account demographic and regional differences, thereby supporting the increase of financial stability.
Open Access: Yes
Examining gender equality in tourism management for Hungarian regions
Publication Name: Statisztikai Szemle
Publication Date: 2025-01-01
Volume: 103
Issue: 11
Page Range: 1094-1110
Description:
This study explores the impact of gender inclusivity on workplace experiences among female leaders in the Hungarian tourism management sector, with a particular focus on perceived discrimination, job insecurity, and family-related obligations. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research combined structured questionnaire data (n = 102) with qualitative insights derived from thematic content analysis of open-ended responses. Analytical methods included descriptive statistics, ANOVA, regression analysis, and cluster analysis. Findings indicate that 75% of respondents reported gender-based discrimination, especially in promotion processes, while 65% identified family responsibilities as significant barriers to career advancement. Marked regional differences emerged: Central Hungary exhibited a more inclusive work environment, with lower levels of perceived discrimination and greater job security compared to northern regions. Inclusive organizational practices were positively associated with career satis faction and tourism-related performance. The results underscore that advancing gender equality is not only a matter of social justice but also a key determinant of economic performance and regional competitiveness. The study recommends reinforcing family-friendly and inclusive workplace cultu res and calls for regionally differentiated policy interventions.
Open Access: Yes
Europe’s Energy Shift: From Fossil Fuels to Renewable Energy
Publication Name: Emerging Science Journal
Publication Date: 2025-10-01
Volume: 9
Issue: 5
Page Range: 2384-2399
Description:
Objectives: This study explores the transformation of energy consumption in Europe between 2002 and 2022, focusing on the declining role of fossil fuels and the increasing significance of renewable and nuclear energy sources. The study also considers how countries with varying levels of economic development adopt different energy strategies and how these strategies correlate with shifts in energy usage. A circular economy approach that includes energy recovery from waste and resource reuse is a complementary aspect of sustainable energy transitions. Methods/Analysis: The per capita energy consumption data were analyzed through decile classification and cluster analysis to group countries with similar energy profiles. To explore the relationship between GDP and energy use—both total and renewable—linear and exponential regression models were applied. Outlier countries with atypical consumption trends were excluded to improve model reliability. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS, and Excel was used to support the visualization process. Findings: Six distinct clusters of energy consumption patterns emerged. In lower-and middle-GDP countries, renewable energy use showed a stronger exponential correlation with GDP growth than total energy use. While fossil fuel dependence has declined across most countries, the pathways taken have been diverse. High-GDP nations such as Iceland and Norway have demonstrated unique, resource-driven strategies. Novelty/Improvement: This study introduces a novel methodological blend of decilebased classification and clustering to enable clearer cross-country comparisons of energy use. The results also highlight the importance of excluding statistical outliers to improve regression precision. By integrating insights relevant to circular economy principles, the findings contribute to designing more effective and regionally adapted energy transition strategies.
Open Access: Yes
Climate change reshapes agricultural game: Canada’s gains, Brazil’s losses, and the U.S. Dilemma
Publication Name: Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
Publication Date: 2026-01-01
Volume: 9
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
The aim of the study is to examine three countries in the Americas with different economic and climatic conditions—Canada, Brazil and the United States. It focuses on the strategic decisions that countries make in the field of agricultural land use and export policies in response to climate change. The research uses a dynamic game theory model that takes into account changes in cropland, export potential and costs arising from environmental and geopolitical risks. Cluster analysis also helped to interpret the results. Based on this, three main strategic patterns can be identified: protective (self-protective), cooperative (cooperative) and non-cooperative (expansive) behavior. Based on the results, cooperation is rare and unstable, and a defensive, protective strategy dominates. Of the three countries, Canada’s situation is the most sustainable, while Brazil is in a losing position in the long run. The study highlights that the consequences of climate change are not only differentiated at the natural but also at the strategic level, and that a thoughtful international redesign of incentives is essential to foster cooperation.
Open Access: Yes
Forest Fires and Their Impact on Hungary’s 2050 Climate Goals
Publication Name: Ecocycles
Publication Date: 2026-01-07
Volume: 11
Issue: 2
Page Range: 105-110
Description:
Forest fires are gaining attention as a climate issue because they release greenhouse gases—mainly CO2—and because the forests that burn lose their ability to store carbon. In Hungary, the direct CO2 emissions from forest fires make up only about 0.29% of the country’s yearly emissions, but they still matter in the bigger climate picture. However, the long-term cumulative impact, the high emission rate per hectare and the resulting reduction in CO2 removal capacity are strategically important issues in achieving the 2050 climate neutrality goals. This research fills a research gap. It provides a quantitative analysis of forest fire emissions and removal losses using data from the European Forest Fire Information System (EFFIS) and national forestry statistics. The total CO2-related climate burden is projected to be approximately 4,300 kt by 2050. Despite modest absolute values, forest fires represent an under-recognized but growing risk in national climate planning. The results support the need for long-term policy integration of fire mitigation, afforestation and forest management strategies. This study provides a replicable methodology and practical knowledge for shaping climate policy in smaller EU Member States.
Open Access: Yes
