Background: disordered eating (DE) and eating disorders (ED) can negatively impact athletes’ health, wellbeing, and athletic performance. Objective: this cross-sectional study aims to assess DE risk, body composition, and nutrition knowledge among elite Hungarian athletes. Methods: DE risk was assessed using DESA-6H and EAT-26 scales, nutrition knowledge through the Abridged Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire (A-NSKQ), and body composition with the OMRON BF511 device. The data were analyzed using Kendall’s tau correlations, Mann–Whitney U tests, and ROC analysis. Results: a total of 71 athletes participated (39.4% males, mean age = 24.8 years, SD = 4.8 years and 60.6% females, mean age = 24.3 years, SD = 4.3 years). At-risk scores on the DESA-6H scale were recorded for nine athletes (12.7%), while 32.4% scored in the risk zone on the EAT-26, with female athletes in aesthetic, endurance and weight-dependent sports being most affected. Low BF was observed in four males and four females. Nutrition knowledge (49.1%) was below the acceptable threshold. DESA-6H significantly correlated with EAT-26 scores, BMI, sports nutrition knowledge, and A-NSKQ total scores. A statistically significant difference by gender was found in the EAT-26 total score (p = 0.019, d = 0.65). Risk groups significantly differed in A-NSKQ scores (p = 0.026, d = 0.511) and sport nutrition knowledge, specifically (p = 0.016, d = 0.491). Using EAT-26 to identify at-risk athletes and the DESA-6H recommended cut-off, the ROC analysis showed a sensitivity of 29.1% and a specificity of 95.7%. Conclusions: insufficient nutrition knowledge plays a role in being at-risk for DE and ED. These results underscore the need for early detection, early sport nutrition education across all elite athletes, with particular attention to female athletes in aesthetic, endurance and weight-dependent sports, and for monitoring these athletes to prevent DE. Further work is warranted to optimize screening tools such as EAT-26 and DESA-6H for elite athletes.

Introduction: Numerous international studies have shown that yoga practice has a positive effect on the physical and mental condition of healthy people and can play a role in the complementary treatment of certain diseases with appropriate guidance. Research on yoga practitioners has found positive correlations between several health indicators and the frequency of yoga practice and, in part, the yoga practice time. In terms of women s health, yoga has been shown to have a positive effect in relieving depression, anxiety and stress and several somatic symptoms. Objective: The aim of our study is to assess the subjective mental and physical symptoms of the health of Hungarian women practicing yoga, and to examine the associations between these variables between groups separated by yoga time and frequency. Methods: The study sample consisted of 457 healthy women with a mean age of 42.28 years (SD = 11.72), yoga practitioners 72%, and yoga instructors 27.7%. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), Self-rated Health, and the Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic Symptom Severity Scale (PHQ-15) were used to measure the variables. Differences between the formed groups were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis H and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: We found a statistically significant difference between the three yoga time groups (beginner 1-6 months, intermediate 7-35 months, advanced ≥3 years) in depression (x2(2, n = 457) = 23.205, p < 0.001), anxiety (x2( 2, n = 457) = 9.489, p = 0.009), stress (x2(2, n = 457) = 27.224, p < 0.001), positive affect (x2(2, n = 456) = 7.689, p = 0.021), negative affect (x2( 2, n = 456) = 46.177, p < 0.001), self-rated health (x2(2, n = 457) = 28.862, p < 0.001) and somatic symptoms (x2(2, n = 455) = 26.022, p < 0.001) score. We also found a significant differences between the two yoga frequency groups (1-2 times per week and 3-7 times per week) in depression (U(1) = 19148.50, n1 = 161, n2 = 295, Z =-3.508, p < 0.001), stress (U(1) = 19588.50, n1 = 161, n2 = 295, Z =-3.107, p = 0.002), positive affect (U(1) = 18189.00, n1 = 161, n2 = 294, Z =-4.090, p < 0.001), negative affect (U(1) = 18456.50, n1 = 161, n2 = 294, Z =-3.894, p < 0.001), self-rated health (U(1) = 18244.00, n1 = 161, n2 = 295, Z =-4.873, p < 0.001) and somatic symptoms (U(1) = 19777.50, n1 = 160, n2 = 294, Z =-2.817, p = 0.005). A medium effect size difference was observed for negative affectivity and small effect size differences were observed for the other measured variables. Conclusions: Yoga could be recommended for relieving depression, anxiety, stress, and somatic symptoms, as well as a possible coping strategy for dealing with stress for healthy women. The results suggest that prolonged yoga practice (in years) or repeated physical exercises of yoga (asana) several times a week (3 or more times) may provide the greatest health benefits.

Theoretical background: There are several measuring instruments in the international literature for measuring spirituality. One of the most widely used and reliable self-reported questionnaires is the Spiritual Health and Life-Orientation Measure (SHALOM). The questionnaire captures spiritual well-being holistically and is therefore well-suited to both religious and non-religious individuals. Aims: The primary objective of our study is to adapt SHALOM to Hungarian and to perform detailed psychometric analysis, including testing factor structure, reliability, and validity. Methods: The questionnaire package used for validation (SHALOM, WBI-5 / WHO Well-Being Questionnaire /, SWLS / Life Satisfaction Scale /) was completed by a total of 437 university students (male: 24.2%, female: 75.8%, mean age = 21.6 years; SD = 1.8 years). Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyzes on the items of the SHALOM questionnaire confirmed the bifactor structure (4 primary and 1 general factors), supporting the theoretical factor structure of the instrument. The primary factors are: Personal, Social, Environmental, and Transcendent Scales for both aspectsof evaluation (ideal and experienced). However, there were 6 items that did not fit perfectly into the four primary factors: 4 items for ideal assessment and 2 items for experienced. In the ideal assessment, the items in the questionnaire explain 66.6% of the total variance and 64.9% in the case of experienced. Factor structures gave acceptable fit indicators for both evaluation aspects (CFIideal = 0.99 and CFIexperienced = 0.97; and RMSEAideal = 0.057 and RMSEAexperienced = 0.068). The Cronbach-α value ranges from 0.69 to 0.97, indicating an overall acceptable internal consistency and the stability in time of the questionnaire is also adequate. According to our validity study, the scales for the two evaluations of SHALOM are significantly positively correlated with the WHO Well- Being Index and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (with the exception of the Personal scale for ideal evaluation), with correlations ranging from weak to moderate. Conclusions: Our results support the bifactor structure of the SHALOM questionnaire, confirm the internal consistency of the scales, and support the validity of the Hungarian version of the measurement tool. However, further studies in the field of construct validity testing are warranted in the future.

BACKGROUND: The present COVID-19 epidemic has had a considerable impact on the mental health of individuals worldwide. Research projects suggests potential benefits of yoga practice for prevention, or as medical supplementation in relation to the present pandemic. This study investigated the association between yoga and health status, and how the frequency of yoga practice affected the mental well-being (MWB) of the respondents. METHODS: Hungarian yoga practitioners (N.=379) aged 20 to 75 years (93.4% female) were asked about their personal health, perceived usefulness of yoga practice for COVID-19 cases and their MWB. Data were collected between April 17 and May 17, 2021. The measurement tool used was an online questionnaire including sociodemographic data, characteristics of yoga practice, COVID-19 and health related questions, and WHO Well-being Index (WBI-5). Associations were examined through ANOVA and X2 tests. RESULTS: There was a significant difference among the yoga practice groups by weekly frequency (once a week, 2-3 times a week, 4-5 times a week, daily) on the total mean score of well-being (WBI-5), F (3, 373) =12.97, P<0.001, ηp 2=0.094. The daily practice of yoga showed the highest MWB. CONCLUSIONS: According to our findings, it can be stated that regular yoga practice is associated with higher level of MWB which can be successful in dealing with COVID-19 issues such as stress and depression.

Background: Adequate nutrient intake is an essential part of athletes’ preparation, which results in more effective training adaptation, recovery, better body composition ratios, and improved sports performance. Inadequate nutrient intake or lack of knowledge can lead to disordered eating and eating disorders, the prevalence of which is higher among athletes than in the general population. In most cases, these unwanted outcomes occur because athletes do not seek the help of a qualified dietitian. According to a 2019 report by the International Olympic Committee, disordered eating and eating disorders’ point prevalence ranges from 6% to 45% in women and 0% to 19% in men. In Hungary, no athlete sample has been tested with screening questionnaires for eating disorders, and the development of reliable measurement tools for identifying this problem is also necessary. Objective: The aim of this study is to present the Hungarian version of the DESA-6 questionnaire (DESA-6H) for screening disordered eating among athletes and to investigate its convergent validity (CV), as well as to evaluate athletes’ nutritional behaviors based on comparative study results. Methods: The DESA-6H questionnaire was tested on elite athletes (n = 131) and recreational athletes (n = 123) aged 14 and older. Kendall’s tau-b correlation was used to establish the CV between the DESA-6H and the total EAT-26 score, as well as between the DESA-6H and the three subscales of the EAT-26. The same method was used to test the potential linear relationship between eating behavior questionnaires and weekly training hours. Chi-square tests were conducted to test the relationships between nominal variables. Differences between groups based on age and sport participation levels were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis H tests, and post-hoc analyses were conducted using Mann-Whitney U tests. Results: The CV analysis showed a significant positive correlation between the DESA-6H and the total EAT-26 score (τb = 0.49, p < 0.001), the EAT-26 Dieting subscale (τb = 0.53, p < 0.001), and the EAT-26 Bulimia subscale (τb = 0.39, p < 0.001). In the total sample, 20.4% scored above the threshold on the DESA-6H, while 40.1% scored above the threshold on the EAT-26. Among sports categories, the highest prevalence was found in aesthetic, weight-dependent, and endurance sports. A significant difference was observed in the DESA-6H scores based on gender (U = 4948.50, Z = –5.210, p < 0.001) and sports participation level (U = 6847.50, Z = –2.123, p = 0.034), with large (Cohen’s d = 0.68) and small ( Cohen’s d = 0.26) effect sizes. The Mann-Whitney U-test showed no significant difference between the 14–17-year-old and 18+ age groups in terms of DESA-6H scores (U = 6082.00, Z = –1.017, p = 0.309). No statistically significant differences were found between the two age groups on the EAT-26 scores either (U = 6490.00, Z = –0.220, p = 0.826). Overall, the statistical tests consistently supported the convergent validity of the DESA-6H when compared with the EAT-26. Conclusions: Based on the results of our research, it can be concluded that the DESA-6H questionnaire is a reliable tool for screening disordered eating among Hungarian athletes. Its application can help in the early detection and prevention of eating disorders.

Nutrition knowledge is essential for optimizing performance, recovery, and overall health in athletes. This study aimed to (1) adapt and validate the Hungarian version of the ANSKQ (Trakman et al., 2017) (ANSKQ-HU) and (2) assess the nutrition knowledge of Hungarian elite and recreational athletes. Following standard translation procedures and expert review, face validity was established. Data were collected from 1.335 athletes, and item difficulty, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and reliability analyses were performed. A three-factor structure emerged: (1) Fundamentals of nutrition, energy needs, and prohibited substances; (2) Micronutrients and performance-enhancing sports nutrition; and (3) Utilization of macronutrients. While Cronbach’s alpha values were low (α = 0.41–0.62), this seemed acceptable given the dichotomous nature of the questionnaire. Most participants scored poorly (63.3%), with the lowest results in the micronutrients and performance-enhancing nutrition factor. Only 6.9% had formal nutrition education and most frequently respondents received help from coaches, family members, and friends. These findings highlight a significant gap in sports nutrition knowledge among Hungarian athletes and support the need for educative activities organized by sport nutrition professionals. The ANSKQ-HU is a reliable and valid tool for assessing nutrition knowledge in Hungarian athletes and can be a useful questionnaire for their support team (nutritionists, physicians).

Background Research has rarely explored yoga’s link to spirituality, and none have examined spiritual well-being via Fisher’s four-domain model. Comparative studies with active control groups are also lacking. Objective This study examines the relationships between spirituality, subjective well-being (SWB), and mental health indicators (depression, anxiety, and stress) among yoga practitioners, physically active individuals, and inactive controls. Methods A total of 1.167 Hungarian adults (79 % females), mean age 34.52 years (SD ± 14.97), completed an online survey assessing spiritual health attitudes and behaviors, SWB, and mental health symptoms, along with the frequency of physical activity. Results Multivariate analyses showed significant group differences (Wilks’ Λ =.811, F(26, 2304) = 9.77, p < .001, partial η² = .099) across the combined dependent variables. Yoga practitioners reported significantly (p < .001) higher well-being and spirituality, and lower depression, anxiety, and distress than both regular exercisers and inactive participants. Regular exercisers also demonstrated more favorable psychological outcomes than inactive individuals, though to a lesser extent than yoga practitioners. Weekly physical activity frequency was positively associated with well-being and negatively associated with mental health symptoms across groups. Correlation patterns revealed several spirituality-related variables that were uniquely and more strongly associated (p < .001 to p < .023) with health indicators in the yoga group. Conclusions These findings support the mental health benefits of regular physical activity and emphasize yoga's distinct contribution to spiritual well-being. The results highlight the integrative value of embodied spiritual practices, such as yoga, in promoting psychological resilience and holistic well-being.

A Disordered Eating Screen For Athletes magyar változata (DESA-6H) konvergens validitásának vizsgálata – Egy pilot study eredményei [Convergent validity of the Hungarian version of the Disordered Eating Screen For Athletes (DESA-6H) – Results of a pilot study] Mentálhigiéné és Pszichoszomatika, 26(3), 123–137. https://doi.org/10.1556/0406.2025.00074 A fenti cikk Mellékletében másolási hiba folytán két kérdés nem megfelelően jelent meg. A 136. oldalon a kérdések felsorolásánál a 2. kérdés két válaszlehetőség sorrendjét felcseréltük.