The escalating threat of climate change has placed carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions at the forefront of global environmental policy. The relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and information technology (IT) is crucial in shaping international climate change strategies. This study investigates the impact of information technology, trade globalisation (TG), and economic complexity (EC) on CO2 emissions in BRICS countries using panel data from 1996 to 2018. The analysis applies the CUP-FM estimator to assess long-run relationships and the Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel causality test to evaluate directionality. The results show that information technology significantly reduces CO2 emissions. This effect is primarily driven by the promotion of the service sector, reduced material use, and improved energy efficiency. In contrast, trade globalisation has an inconsistent impact. While it can lower emissions through technology diffusion and efficiency gains, it can also increase them due to Scale Effects and the relocation of polluting industries. This study also identifies a U-shaped relationship between economic complexity and CO2 emissions, indicating that emissions initially rise with complexity but decline as innovation and clean production practices improve. These findings suggest that developing digital infrastructure and green technologies and trade Globalisation can promote sustainable development in BRICS economies. Therefore, policymakers should prioritise strengthening the IT environment, fostering international trade partnerships, and integrating clean technologies to balance economic growth with environmental protection.

This study examines how economic growth, travel, global connection, and changes in population impact the environmental footprint in seven countries, including Russia, the US, China, France, the UK, Pakistan, and India, from 1995 to 2023. The results show a significant link between Granger’s environmental impact and some economic, non-economic, and population factors in these countries. According to the study, environmental impacts result primarily from economic expansion and tourism revenue generation. The essential activities in economic development frequently result in significant ecological deficits through natural resource depletion, land alterations, and environmental releases. Business enlargement and tourism income commonly bring about deforestation while causing both pollution and habitat damage, thus showing why sustainable practices must exist to protect nature during economic development. We also have to consider factors other than economics, such as total income from natural resources and using nuclear power early. Additionally, how many people live in a particular area and the number of children born contribute to these footprints. Also, this study shows how economic, non-economic and demographic issues can indicate what harm the environment might face later. This is especially important in countries that use nuclear energy extensively. The report suggests different ways to solve this problem. These include advocating for sustainable tourism practices, directing research efforts towards nuclear energy, supporting renewable energy initiatives, promoting family planning and education, and raising public awareness. The aim is to reduce the environmental harm caused by nuclear energy and promote a more sustainable future.

The growing pace of environmental crisis around the world has aggravated the necessity of more vigorous environmental diplomacy and stringency in policy to develop renewable energy and promote sustainable growth in leading economies. This research study examines the relationship between financial globalization (FG), environmental diplomacy (ED), economic growth (GDP), environmental policy stringency (EPS), urbanization (URB), and renewable energy (RE) and ecological sustainability in G20 countries between 1995 and 2023. Based on the CS-ARDL, FMOLS, and DOLS tests, we use the Load Capacity Factor (LCF) as a holistic sustainability measure and analyze the short- as well as longer-term dynamics. Prolonged outcomes reveal that FG, ED, GDP, and URB adversely affect LCF, which suggests an increase in ecological stress. Nonetheless, RE enhances LCF and EPS moderates the negative consequences of globalization. The positive effect of ED is small in the short-run, whereas EPS will have a high contribution to ecological benefits. The ED-GDP relation indicates a long-term worsening of the environment, which underscores the inefficiencies of diplomatic enforcement. These results confirm the modulating effect of stringent environmental policies and the necessity to develop policy frameworks that would harmonize economic integration and sustainability. Urbanization is a threat to the environment unless controlled with sustainable planning, and renewable energy continues to be a major contributor to ecological health in the long run. The study provides practical recommendations to policymakers to incorporate strict regulation, green investment and environmental diplomacy in the strategies of sustainable development.

Environmental challenges have become the focus of the pursuit of the sustainability and net-zero emissions objectives by countries. So, there is a need to comprehend what determines Environmental Policy Stringency (EPS). The paper looks at the impact of energy vulnerability (EV), energy transition (ET), urbanisation (U), Research and Development (R&D), population growth (PG) and Economic Growth (EG) on Environmental Policy Stringency. It is based on panel information of 40 countries that are committed to the net-zero emissions by 1990–2023. Advanced econometric tools, including the cross-sectional dependence test, panel unit root and cointegration tests, and estimators, such as CS-ARDL, CCEMG, AMG, Driscoll-Kraay, FMOLS, and DOLS, are used to investigate long-term relationships. Its results indicate that the variables are cross-sectionally dependent and have a long-run equilibrium relationship which implies the interdependence between environmental policies, energy systems and economic conditions across nations. According to the long-run estimates, the energy vulnerability, energy transition, R&D, and economic growth are significant factors that determine Environmental Policy Stringency. The interest of governments in stricter environmental policies and environmental governance is increasing with high-energy vulnerability and the transition to renewable energy. Economic growth is also a favourable variable in Environmental Policy Stringency that favours the EKC hypothesis. The negative effects of urbanisation and population growth, on the contrary, are negative yet statistically insignificant, which suggests that demographic variables play a weak role. Overall, the findings evidence the necessity of creating renewable energy and technology, ensuring sustainable economic growth, improving environmental policy and long-term net-zero objectives.