Lea Pődör

59494035300

Publications - 5

Unanswered Questions on the Registration of Electric Scooters from the Perspective of the Automotive Industry and the Law

István Lakatos Lea Pődör

Publication Name: Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering

Publication Date: 2025-08-15

Volume: 53

Issue: 4

Page Range: 364-370

Description:

The rise of micromobility has brought increased use of low-speed transport devices such as electric scooters, Segways, and e-bikes. Despite their global popularity, the legal status of electric scooters remains unclear. A key regulatory question is whether e-scooters should be classified as vehicles. While some European countries consider them vehicles, others place them under existing categories like mopeds or bicycles, or even classify them as pedestrian devices. This classification affects all subsequent regulatory considerations. This study focuses on the registration of electric scooters, a topic with limited information despite its potential to address legal issues like theft and liability. The analysis examines regulatory frameworks in select European countries, compares them with practices in certain U.S. states, and highlights successful approaches in Asia, notably Singapore. The findings emphasize the role of vehicle databases in legal problem-solving and evaluate the effectiveness of existing systems. It may also be an incentive for the legislator to consider whether appropriate solutions can be found for the registration of other means of transport (e.g., bicycles, mopeds) and whether the adoption of these options could be appropriate for electric scooters.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3311/PPtr.38788

The Role of Vehicle Diagnostics in Supporting the Law-Abiding “Behavior” of Self-Driving Vehicles †

István Lakatos Lea Pődör

Publication Name: Engineering Proceedings

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 79

Issue: 1

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

The aim of this paper is to look at the pillars for developing the law-abiding “behavior” of self-driving cars. The paper will analyze the potential of artificial intelligence, machine learning mechanisms, and the transformation of rules into algorithms for self-driving cars, and highlight the vehicle diagnostics context. The analysis is expected to demonstrate that the transformation of rules into algorithms alone is not sufficient for unhindered transport, as there is a strong need for the application of vehicle diagnostics to support and enhance obstacle and accident-free transport. The technological revolution in the field of self-driving vehicles calls for the development of common ground between technical sciences and law, which are trying to make the idea of safe and sustainable transport part of everyday life.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/engproc2024079029

Algorithms in judicial decision making - Why can (not) AI be used in judging?

Lea Pődör

Publication Name: Rechtskultur

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 499-513

Description:

This paper examines the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly large language models (LLMs), into judicial decision-making. It highlights the linguistic complexity of adjudication, where judges must interpret ambiguous legal texts and resolve nuanced dilemmas. While LLMs show promise in supporting tasks like document analysis and precedent identification, their limitations in moral reasoning and context sensitivity are evident. Case studies of tools like LexisNexis, COMPAS, and Prometea demonstrate how AI can enhance efficiency but cannot replace human judges. As homo semioticus, judges are indispensable creators of meaning and interpreters of law. The paper concludes that AI’s role in the judiciary should focus on collaboration, ensuring technology supports rather than substitutes human decision-making.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.36213/01-24

Analytical Overview of Accident Emergencies Arising from the Structure and Characteristics of Various Alternative Fuel Vehicles †

István Lakatos Lea Pődör

Publication Name: Engineering Proceedings

Publication Date: 2025-01-01

Volume: 113

Issue: 1

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

The spread of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) poses new technological and legal challenges. While these vehicles contribute to sustainable transport, their specific operational characteristics require specific regulation and infrastructure. The study analyses the risks associated with AFVs, in particular with regard to occupational safety and operation, and the extent to which the current legal framework in Hungary is able to address these challenges. It also examines the integration of AFVs into the existing transport and service network and makes recommendations for improving regulation, training and infrastructure. The study aims to contribute to enhancing road safety and legal clarity by showing that the safe integration of AFVs requires the modernisation of regulation and the adaptation of technical protocols.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/engproc2025113070

According to Whose Morals? The Decision-Making Algorithms of Self-Driving Cars and the Limits of the Law

István Lakatos Lea Pődör

Publication Name: Future Transportation

Publication Date: 2026-02-01

Volume: 6

Issue: 1

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

The emergence of self-driving vehicles raises not only technological challenges, but also profound moral and legal challenges, especially when the decisions made by these vehicles can affect human lives. The aim of this study is to examine the moral and legal dimensions of algorithmic decision-making and their codifiability, approaching the issue from the perspective of the classic trolley dilemma and the principle of double effect. Using a normative-analytical method, it explores the moral models behind decision-making algorithms, the possibilities and limitations of legal regulation, and the technological and ethical dilemmas of artificial intelligence development. One of the main theses of the study is that in the case of self-driving cars, the programming of moral decisions is not merely a theoretical problem, but also a question requiring legal and social legitimacy. The analysis concludes that, given the nature of this borderline area between law and ethics, it is not always possible to avoid such dilemmas, and therefore it is necessary to develop a public, collective, principle-based normative framework that establishes the social acceptability of algorithmic decision-making.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/futuretransp6010005