István Lakatos

55682393500

Publications - 65

Unanswered Questions on the Registration of Electric Scooters from the Perspective of the Automotive Industry and the Law

István Lakatos Lea Pődör

Publication Name: Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering

Publication Date: 2025-08-15

Volume: 53

Issue: 4

Page Range: 364-370

Description:

The rise of micromobility has brought increased use of low-speed transport devices such as electric scooters, Segways, and e-bikes. Despite their global popularity, the legal status of electric scooters remains unclear. A key regulatory question is whether e-scooters should be classified as vehicles. While some European countries consider them vehicles, others place them under existing categories like mopeds or bicycles, or even classify them as pedestrian devices. This classification affects all subsequent regulatory considerations. This study focuses on the registration of electric scooters, a topic with limited information despite its potential to address legal issues like theft and liability. The analysis examines regulatory frameworks in select European countries, compares them with practices in certain U.S. states, and highlights successful approaches in Asia, notably Singapore. The findings emphasize the role of vehicle databases in legal problem-solving and evaluate the effectiveness of existing systems. It may also be an incentive for the legislator to consider whether appropriate solutions can be found for the registration of other means of transport (e.g., bicycles, mopeds) and whether the adoption of these options could be appropriate for electric scooters.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3311/PPtr.38788

Economic and Ecological Aspects of Vehicle Diagnostics

István Lakatos

Publication Name: Sustainability Switzerland

Publication Date: 2025-02-01

Volume: 17

Issue: 4

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

The aim of our study is to review the new vehicle diagnostic requirements that support economical and environmentally friendly operation. Vehicle technology is undergoing continuous and significant changes. At the same time, it is not enough to develop energy-efficient and environmentally friendly technologies; they must be operated in proper technical conditions and with proper driving techniques. Accordingly, new, innovative procedures are constantly needed for the economical and environmentally friendly operation of vehicles, and it is important to emphasize that vehicle diagnostics must also follow these changes! The practical applications of our publication and our research focus on several areas. This research is particularly important in the case of public transport vehicles and transport fleets. An important practical aspect is that large transport companies also achieve significant cost savings and, at the same time, contribute to environmentally friendly transport. The publication represents a new direction in vehicle diagnostics and research and development; this is the ECO-Diagnostics discussed in the material. ECO-Diagnostics is a procedure that takes into account both ecological and economic factors during vehicle diagnostic tests. Vehicle diagnostics, as an independent, professional, and scientific field, began to develop in the 1970s. This field of research experiences a paradigm shift, on average, every 20 years. Today, an epochal shift is taking place, with the development and spread of alternative propulsion systems (e.g., electric, hydrogen, or gas) and autonomous vehicles being the main areas of focus. The changes in vehicle technology must be followed by vehicle diagnostics too. Some of the already-known diagnostic methods (e.g., for internal combustion engines) can be included in this category, but new methods are also needed to enable the economical and environmentally friendly operation of vehicles. These facts make it important and urgent to define and research this area. Research in this area is particularly important for public transport vehicles and transport fleets. It is not enough to develop energy-efficient and environmentally friendly technologies: they must be operated in the right technical condition and with the right driving techniques for the intended purpose. This will help large transport companies to achieve significant cost savings and contribute to the environmentally friendly transport of passengers and goods. A major new area in vehicle diagnostics needs to be introduced and expanded. ECO-Diagnostics is a new category that has not been used before, and it also marks a new area of research and development. The article presents the basics of categorization and supports them with its own research results and application examples. As an introduction, a systematic overview of vehicle diagnostics as a whole is also provided. This is important (and novel) as no such systematic overview is available in the technical and scientific literature. The new category should also be included in this scheme. In parallel with the development of vehicles and diagnostic procedures, the methods and their context covered by the umbrella term ECO-Diagnostics (in ecological and economic terms) should, of course, be constantly expanded. Artificial intelligence can play an important role in this process. In the future, there will be a strong demand for the development of procedures in the field of ECO-Diagnostics. For both economic and environmental reasons, it is urgent and important to research and develop procedures in this category. This fact will also influence the work of researchers in the future.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/su17041662

Accident Risk Analysis of Road Accidents Involving Personal Injury

István Lakatos Gergő Sütheö Péter Brúnó

Publication Name: Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering

Publication Date: 2025-01-01

Volume: 53

Issue: 3

Page Range: 301-307

Description:

In both the European Union Member States and Hungary, a large number of people are killed in road traffic accidents. Reducing road collisions, personal injuries, and fatalities is a priority. To get an accurate picture of the situation, it is necessary to know the accident statistics of the European Union and the main EU directives that define a Safe Transport System. We then review the road safety situation in Hungary, using data from 2017 to 2020. In preparing the statistical overview, particular attention will be paid to the spatial distribution of severity, over time and by county, the distribution of accident participants by type of transport, the characteristics of the persons involved in the accident, the causes of the accidents and the distribution by type of accident. The analysis includes an explanation of the variables related to the vehicles involved in the accident and the causes of accidents related to human factors.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3311/PPtr.38004

Possibilities for Further Development of the Airbags in the Case of Non-conventional Seating Positions

István Lakatos Laszlo Porkolab

Publication Name: Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering

Publication Date: 2025-01-01

Volume: 53

Issue: 2

Page Range: 146-157

Description:

The first ideas and experiments aimed at protecting passengers from the vehicle’s internal components with airbags date back to the 1960s. Twenty years later, the airbag appeared in series production, in December 1980, the Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W126) was the first serial production car to be equipped with a driver airbag, and since its introduction, the use of airbag technology has been uninterrupted. Airbag systems are currently regarded as almost mandatory protection systems in a vehicle. The article generally presents the development of airbags used in cars, followed by the currently used airbag folding types. After that, the article presents the simulation of the airbag deployment, its types and theoretical background, as well as the most important stages of the deployment of the airbag. In the following, the article presents the results of the research so far in the case of frontal and side crashes. The next section of the article introduces the materials capable of absorbing energy, then details the simulation model built and the airbag concept created. The last part of the article contains an evaluation of the results and the summary. The modified seat examined in the earlier phase of the research and the airbag concept that is the subject of this research also fulfill the set goals, but the latter has a great advantage.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3311/PPtr.38633

Legal Framework and Data Storage Background of Online Collected Data for Predictive Maintenance and Repair Purposes in the Automotive Sector in the European Union

István Lakatos Jozsef Nagy Roland Kelemen Gergely G. Karácsony

Publication Name: IEEE Access

Publication Date: 2025-01-01

Volume: 13

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 157986-158000

Description:

This research begins with a simple but essential question: In predictive vehicle maintenance, where should raw data from a car be stored? Some argue that it makes sense to keep it within the vehicle, managed directly by its control units. Others prefer sending it to a backend system for evaluation by larger models. We found that this decision cannot be made based solely on technical reasoning. The legal conditions surrounding personal data, cybersecurity, product responsibility, and AI-based systems in the European Union carry equal weight in shaping feasibility. These regulations not only impose constraints but also actively influence the design and application of such technologies in real-world scenarios. The findings suggest that legal barriers frequently limit implementation more than current technical capabilities. Addressing these constraints early in the design process is crucial, as they define not only what types of data processing are permitted but also how predictive maintenance services can be delivered to users. To support responsible development, this study proposes a legal-technical framework tailored to the European regulatory landscape. It aligns predictive maintenance systems with key European Union regulations, including the GDPR, Cybersecurity Act, Cyber Resilience Act, and AI Act.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3594772

Acoustic fingerprint in vehicle manufacturing as a basis for future applications

István Lakatos Jozsef Nagy

Publication Name: Pollack Periodica

Publication Date: 2025-01-01

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

The spread of new energy vehicles has opened a new chapter in premium-class acoustics. In e-mode, hitherto inaudible noises - suppressed by traditional engines - have become audible. Therefore, it is necessary to make subjective noises objective. The first step is to make them comparable by measuring. The result of the sum of these spectrograms is an acoustic fingerprint of the vehicle. The next step is to add them to a database. Early failure prediction and the avoidance of redundant service activities by using automated event detection led to financial savings. Data processing with machine learning opens space for car workshop support applications, and it is also possible to prevent critical failures that may begin with the help of predictive models (predictive service).

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1556/606.2025.01260

Effects of Location and Height of Vortex Generators on Aerodynamic Performance of NACA 4412 Airfoil

István Lakatos Dénes Ágoston Solnay József Molnár

Publication Name: Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering

Publication Date: 2025-01-01

Volume: 53

Issue: 3

Page Range: 267-276

Description:

This study focuses on the aerodynamic effect of vortex generators (VGs) placed on the wing surface, with a focus on the height and chordwise position of the VGs. NACA 4412 airfoil was used for the investigation, which is a frequently used and well-researched airfoil in the aerospace industry, with a chord length (c) of 200 mm. Six different configurations have been analyzed with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), with three chordwise positions (x) and two trailing edge heights (h). The results showed that VGs placed furthest from the leading edge (x/c = 20%) were able to increase lift and reduce drag to the greatest extent. In terms of height, the shorter (h/c = 0.5%) VGs produced the most lift. These results provide valuable insights as to how vortex generator design can be optimized for aerodynamic performance across various operating conditions.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3311/PPtr.38258

Community transport experiences, in connection with diesel-LPG mixed operation buses belonging to the category of heavy vehicles

István Lakatos

Publication Name: International Journal of Heavy Vehicle Systems

Publication Date: 2025-01-01

Volume: 32

Issue: 2

Page Range: 137-162

Description:

Various international literature sources and papers address the issue of the theoretical implementation of using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) gas as catalyst material injected into the carburetor system of diesel engines and its positive impact on the characteristic features of the engine and its emission. In Europe, for example, Landi-Renzo, one of the biggest Italian companies dealing with traditional gas systems, is developing a compressed natural gas (CNG)-diesel system. The present paper outlines the operational characteristics of a diesel-LPG dual operating system based on our own experiments and measurements which have been carried out on the transformed buses of the Southern Transdanubian Transportation Centre (DDKK, Hungary). In the process of evaluation two aspects were taken into consideration: the impact on emission and that on fuel consumption. Of course, the tests can be extended to wider areas, which take into account both vehicle structures and the environment (Palkovics and El-Gindy, 1993; Palkovics et al., 1996; Shokouhfar et al., 2016).

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1504/IJHVS.2025.145131

Analyzing Energy Efficiency and Battery Supervision in Electric Bus Integration for Improved Urban Transport Sustainability

István Lakatos Szabolcs Kocsis Szurke Gábor Saly

Publication Name: Sustainability Switzerland

Publication Date: 2024-09-01

Volume: 16

Issue: 18

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

Addressing the critical challenge of reducing local emissions through the electrification of urban public transport, this research specifically focuses on integrating electric buses. The primary objectives are to evaluate energy efficiency and ensure battery cell supervision. Introducing electric buses plays a significant role in reducing emissions, contributing to more sustainable urban transport systems. However, this transition introduces a set of new challenges, including the complexities of electric charging logistics, the establishment of new consumption standards, and the intricate relationships between distance traveled, ambient temperature, passenger load, and battery health. Methodologically, this study collects and examines factors impacting energy consumption, including external temperatures, bus conditions, road conditions, and driver behavior. By analyzing these variables, a baseline for actual consumption can be established, allowing for the calculation of an energy balance to identify energy inefficiencies. This enables the optimization of route planning, the strategic selection of stops, and the efficient scheduling of charging times, along with ensuring the proper scaling of the bus battery system. This study found that energy consumption peaked at 116.73 kWh/100 km in the lowest temperature range of −5 °C to 0 °C. Consumption decreased significantly with rising temperatures, dropping by 25 kWh between 5 °C and 10 °C and by an additional 10 kWh between 10 °C and 15 °C. Beyond 20 °C, variations were more influenced by route and driving style than by temperature. Route and driver variability significantly influenced energy consumption, with up to threefold differences across routes due to factors such as road type and traffic volume. Additionally, there was a 31.85% difference between the most and least efficient drivers, highlighting the critical impact of driving style. Furthermore, this study explores the assessment of battery systems through cell-level diagnostics to detect potential faults. Considering that buses are equipped with significantly more batteries than typical electric vehicles, detecting and localizing faults at the cell level is crucial to avoid the substantial costs and environmental impact associated with replacing large battery systems. Utilizing the results of this research and the applied examination methods, it is possible to enhance energy efficiency and extend battery life, thereby contributing to the development of more sustainable and cost-effective urban transport solutions.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/su16188182

Self-Diagnostic Opportunities for Battery Systems in Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

István Lakatos Szabolcs Kocsis Szurke Péter Ori Gergő Sütheö

Publication Name: Machines

Publication Date: 2024-05-01

Volume: 12

Issue: 5

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

The number of battery systems is also growing significantly along with the rise in electric and hybrid car sales. Different vehicles use different types and numbers of batteries. Furthermore, the layout and operation of the control and protection electronics units may also differ. The research aims to develop an approach that can autonomously detect and localize the weakest cells. The method was validated by testing the battery systems of three different VW e-Golf electric vehicles. A wide-range discharge test was performed to examine the condition assessment and select the appropriate state of charge (SoC) for all three vehicles. On the one hand, the analysis investigated the cell voltage deviations from the average; the tests cover deviations of 0 mV, 12 mV, 60 mV, 120 mV, and 240 mV. On the other hand, the mean value calculation was used to filter out possible erroneous values. Another important aspect was examining the relationship between the state of charges (SoC) and the deviations. Therefore, the 10% step changes were tested to see which SoC level exhibited more significant voltage deviations. Based on the results, it was observed that there are differences between the cases, and the critical range is not necessarily at the lowest SoC level. Furthermore, the load rate (current) and time of its occurrence play an important role in the search for a faulty cell. An additional advantage of this approach is that the process currently being tested on the VW e-Golf can be relatively simply transferred to other types of vehicles. It can also be a very useful addition for autonomous vehicles, as it can self-test the cells in the system at low power consumption.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/machines12050324

Possibilities for further development of the driver's seat in the case of a non-conventional seating positions

István Lakatos Laszlo Porkolab

Publication Name: Heliyon

Publication Date: 2024-04-15

Volume: 10

Issue: 7

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

The seat significantly contributes to driving safety. Ergonomic seats prevent physical strain and fatigue, so attention and concentration do not drop so quickly, which helps to avoid accidents. The article generally presents the development of seats used in cars and the current areas of use of rotatable seats. Furthermore, it gives an overview of the possible seating positions for fully autonomous vehicles. The article leads the reader through the crash test simulation focusing on the model used. Subsequently, the article presents the research results so far and the possibilities for further development of the driver's seat. The article highlights the change in the driver's movement kinematics as a crucial observation. This change significantly increases the risk of serious injury. In frontal collisions, the modified seat consistently demonstrates results below the specified limit. It is important to note that there are injury values that increase, but these are not a problem because they remain below the limit. In the case of a side collision, the aim was less to reduce injury values and more to better coordinate the kinematics of the passenger's movement during the accident. It can be concluded that this is achievable with the modified seat, as the passenger's movements are notably more predictable and coordinated under these circumstances.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28909

Brake Disc Deformation Detection Using Intuitive Feature Extraction and Machine Learning

István Lakatos Tamás Dózsa Erno Simonyi Péter Ori Mátyás Szabari Alexandros Soumelidis

Publication Name: Machines

Publication Date: 2024-04-01

Volume: 12

Issue: 4

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

In this work we propose proof-of-concept methods to detect malfunctions of the braking system in passenger vehicles. In particular, we investigate the problem of detecting deformations of the brake disc based on data recorded by acceleration sensors mounted on the suspension of the vehicle. Our core hypothesis is that these signals contain vibrations caused by brake disc deformation. Since faults of this kind are typically monitored by the driver of the vehicle, the development of automatic fault-detection systems becomes more important with the rise of autonomous driving. In addition, the new brake boosters separate the brake pedal from the hydraulic system which results in less significant effects on the brake pedal force. Our paper offers two important contributions. Firstly, we provide a detailed description of our novel measurement scheme, the type and placement of the used sensors, signal acquisition and data characteristics. Then, in the second part of our paper we detail mathematically justified signal representations and different algorithms to distinguish between deformed and normal brake discs. For the proper understanding of the phenomenon, different brake discs were used with measured runout values. Since, in addition to brake disc deformation, the vibrations recorded by our accelerometers are nonlinearly dependent on a number of factors (such as the velocity, suspension, tire pressure, etc.), data-driven models are considered. Through experiments, we show that the proposed methods can be used to recognize faults in the braking system caused by brake disc deformation.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/machines12040214

The Role of Vehicle Diagnostics in Supporting the Law-Abiding “Behavior” of Self-Driving Vehicles †

István Lakatos Lea Pődör

Publication Name: Engineering Proceedings

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 79

Issue: 1

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

The aim of this paper is to look at the pillars for developing the law-abiding “behavior” of self-driving cars. The paper will analyze the potential of artificial intelligence, machine learning mechanisms, and the transformation of rules into algorithms for self-driving cars, and highlight the vehicle diagnostics context. The analysis is expected to demonstrate that the transformation of rules into algorithms alone is not sufficient for unhindered transport, as there is a strong need for the application of vehicle diagnostics to support and enhance obstacle and accident-free transport. The technological revolution in the field of self-driving vehicles calls for the development of common ground between technical sciences and law, which are trying to make the idea of safe and sustainable transport part of everyday life.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/engproc2024079029

Predictive Maintenance and Predictive Repair of Road Vehicles—Opportunities, Limitations and Practical Applications †

István Lakatos Jozsef Nagy

Publication Name: Engineering Proceedings

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 79

Issue: 1

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

With drastic increases in the complexity of road vehicles, increasing environmental and cost pressures have led to the obsolescence of previous fixed-schedule maintenance systems. The aerospace industry, following the road vehicle industry, is also beginning to use the predictive maintenance method increasingly widely. A possible next step for critical breakdowns could be a predictive service. While preventive maintenance is able to be used more frequently, the possibility of preventive repair is also limited to the fault symptoms, and is unsuitable for preventing fast-running breakdowns. Due to the current state of technological development in this area, it will take a few more years for lower-priced cars to catch up to the sensor and data structures of current premium-series vehicles, such that the mass use of these methods in road vehicles can become widespread.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/engproc2024079027

Comparison of Different Turbulence Models and Wall Treatment Methods for Vehicle Aerodynamics Investigations

István Lakatos Péter Brúnó

Publication Name: Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 52

Issue: 1

Page Range: 67-74

Description:

In this paper two different turbulence models and wall treatment methods were investigated with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method. The used geometry for the research was the Ahmed body. The Ahmed body is a widely used geometry in vehicle aerodynamics investigations. The geometry represents a simplified vehicle, which allows the researchers to make examinations with moderate resources. The simulations were made in Ansys Fluent. The environment of the simulation was built to optimize for maximum 8 GB RAM. The paper examines the difference between the k-ω SST and the k-ε turbulence models in the case of low and high Reynolds number wall treatment methods. This could be useful because the high Reynolds number wall treatment method needs less computational capacity based on that, its required y+ range is between 30 and 300. While in the case of the low Reynolds wall treatment method the required y+ range is below 10, which could increase the cell count. The results from the CFD simulation will be compared to each other and with measured data. The aim of the research is to get information about behaviour of the examined turbulence models in the case of low and high Reynolds number wall treatment methods.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3311/PPTR.22671

Design Considerations for a Low-Voltage Scalable Battery-Test Laboratory †

István Lakatos Gábor Szakállas

Publication Name: Engineering Proceedings

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 79

Issue: 1

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

The rapidly developing battery industry entails the need for battery testing. Battery charging and discharging require time-consuming testing, so it is necessary for the battery testing laboratory to take effective personnel protection, area isolation, fire and smoke extraction, remote monitoring, and other measures. The software plays a crucial role in optimizing the scheduling of battery test labs. It might start testing on a small scale initially, but later, as demands on the lab grow, an appropriate software will be needed to schedule testing for optimal usage. This article presents the design considerations and steps of a test lab for testing and analyzing low-voltage battery cells and packs, including all components, safety requirements for safety circuitry, and the purpose of laboratory testing for industrial and research purposes.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/engproc2024079072

Theoretical Study of the Effect of Weather Conditions on Vehicle Aerodynamic Properties †

István Lakatos Péter Brúnó

Publication Name: Engineering Proceedings

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 79

Issue: 1

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

One of the most widely researched fields within the automotive industry is the effect vehicles place on the environment. To achieve a sustainable transport system, reducing the pollution of vehicles is an essential issue. The aim of this paper is to examine how weather conditions influence a vehicle’s operation. The study examines potential methods to evaluate the effect of different weather conditions on the aerodynamic parameters of a vehicle. Aerodynamic properties can be measured with the help of computational fluid dynamics (CFD), a wind tunnel and test-track measurements. On-board diagnostics are also examined to collect data on aerodynamics. These methods can monitor several parameters to measure and visualize the effects of weather conditions. The theoretical background to the related aerodynamic parameters is summarized.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/engproc2024079083

Analysis of the Aerodynamic Parameters of Road Vehicles Affected by Weather Conditions

István Lakatos Péter Brúnó

Publication Name: Chemical Engineering Transactions

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 114

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 1033-1038

Description:

Optimizing the aerodynamic parameters of road vehicles is essential due to their impact on the environment. It is a special aim of developments, including electric and non-electric vehicles. A lot of research is being conducted according to energy efficiency and range. These parts are the most significant directions of development. Aerodynamic parameters such as drag coefficient exert a significant influence on vehicle energy efficiency. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the aerodynamic parameters of the Ahmed body in rainy weather conditions. Different types of rain and vehicle speeds are studied and compared to each other to examine their effect on the drag coefficient. The examination is carried out using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method. In the two-phase simulations, the rain is modeled as solid particles. Results can be used to obtain the most fuel- or electricity-efficient rain type-vehicle speed combinations and thereby can help to contribute a more sustainable transport. The results clearly show that rain has a measurable effect on the drag coefficient. As the rain intensity increases, the drag coefficient increases, too. However, there are uncertainties in the upward trend. As airspeed increases, the increasing trend becomes more stable.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3303/CET24114173

Prevalence and Characteristics of Traffic Accidents Endangering Vulnerable Pedestrians in Hungary †

István Lakatos Emese Sánta Gábor Patocskai Petra Szűcs

Publication Name: Engineering Proceedings

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 79

Issue: 1

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

In Hungary, around 14,000 to 15,000 traffic accidents result in personal injuries on public roads annually. Half of the individuals involved in fatal collisions are considered vulnerable pedestrians or cyclists. Our retrospective cross-sectional study reviewed the police and medical aspects of personal injury traffic accidents in our county. In 2023, there were 26 fatal accidents, 9 of which involved pedestrians, with 8 being at-fault pedestrians. Additionally, 920 traffic accident patients visited the emergency care department of the county hospital, with 68% of them having injuries that healed within 8 days.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/engproc2024079094

Innovation and Technology in the Russo-Ukrainian War

István Lakatos Imre Porkoláb Ferenc Dávid

Publication Name: Connections

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 23

Issue: 1

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

Technology and innovation have significantly influenced the Russo-Ukrainian war, impacting not only the armed conflict but also the reconstruction of reclaimed territories and the restoration of services. Few believed in Ukraine’s survival when the Russian invasion began in February 2022. This article examines how Ukraine, through its ability to embrace technological advancements and apply innovative solutions, gained a comparatively advantageous position against Russian aggression. We focus on the fundamental differences in the early stages of the war, particularly highlighting Ukraine’s adept integration of emerging dual-use and advanced Western products and technologies.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.11610/CONNECTIONS.23.1.09

The past, the present and the future of online road vehicle diagnosis from car and scan tool communication perspective

István Lakatos Jozsef Nagy

Publication Name: Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering

Publication Date: 2023-09-15

Volume: 39

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 52-58

Description:

In the luxury vehicle class, online internet connection has become a standard feature in the recent years. This process is likely to spread completely in all vehicle categories in the coming years. In the past, computer supported vehicle diagnostics started with On-Board Diagnostic (OBD) I standard in the late 1960's. This has been followed by OBD II in 1996, which allows a fully standardization regardless of vehicle manufacturer and models, based on a generic scan tool. Even its communication with the vehicle electronic architecture has been developed rapidly followed by the new technologies. This way of car analysis has been extended also for non-emission related functions. Online data collecting and analysis provides not only solutions in the car production and service but in its development process too. For example, it can help you to set realistic thresholds by defining an OBD strategy for many in-car systems and functions to avoid customer complaints, warranty costs and recalls afterwards. From predictive maintenance / repair perspective it is possible to monitor material properties, vibrations, damages potentials also in processes e.g. welding and soldering. The dynamic development of telecommunication and automotive technologies hand in hand will provide completely new ways for 'car to diagnostics back end' communication in the future without using a scan tool device and its physical in-vehicle interface.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3233/ATDE230419

Vibration Diagnostic Methods of Automatic Transmission Service Requirement Prediction

Szabolcs Fischer István Lakatos Mykola Sysyn Dmytro Kurhan Szabolcs Kocsis Szurke Péter Ori

Publication Name: Infrastructures

Publication Date: 2023-02-01

Volume: 8

Issue: 2

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

Automatic transmission is a key factor for autonomous driving. The transmission condition is highly affected by the quality and quantity of transmission oil in the system. However, the oil condition is not monitored in the system, and the oil change interval and method are still a subject of discussion. This paper analyzes the effects of oil changes in automatic transmissions. The measurements were carried out before and after the oil change with the same external conditions. With the vibration measurement method, data can be collected without disassembling the parts and during operational conditions. Furthermore, time- and frequency-based analyses were conducted to compare different transmissions’ operations. The results have shown that the effect of oil degradation is measurable on the amplitude of the signals and, therefore, predictable with vibration diagnostics. During the evaluation, the maximum values were compared on measurements with at least a 2-s length.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/infrastructures8020031

A Simulation System for Testing Side Crashes, in Non-Traditional Seating Positions, for Self-Driving Cars

István Lakatos Laszlo Porkolab

Publication Name: Acta Polytechnica Hungarica

Publication Date: 2023-01-01

Volume: 20

Issue: 7

Page Range: 63-82

Description:

Historically, vehicle safety reflects the current state of the art and new innovations will continue to make our cars even safer in the future. Since its invention, the car has enjoyed a unique, triumphal procession. Safety plays a central role in the development of a car model today. The number of accidents has also risen, in line with the growth in traffic. In addition to carelessness or distraction at the wheel, the most common causes of accidents are excessive speed, risky maneuvers and disregard of traffic rules. The introduction of the speed limit on rural roads and the obligation to wear seat belts, were particularly important positive milestones. Two different methods are also used to check the effect of the individual technical options and safety, in the event of accidents. First are the crash tests. Here, an accident situation is simulated in practice, under realistic conditions. The other solution is the simulation. The Finite Element Method, behind this term, lies the virtual calculation of various consequences of an accident, on the basis of mathematical differential equations. The degree of deformation of various components or the entire car, as a whole, is examined by calculation.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.12700/APH.20.7.2023.7.4

Effect of Non-conventional Seating Position on Driver Injuries in the Case of a Self-driving Car

István Lakatos Laszlo Porkolab

Publication Name: Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

Publication Date: 2023-01-01

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 35-49

Description:

Today the automotive industry is making great strides toward driverless driving. Vehicle manufacturers, as well as well-known development service providers, have already developed a large number of concepts and design studies for fully automatic vehicles. In the future, there will be no more limits to driverless driving. However, a fully autonomous vehicle must also protect its occupants in the event of an accident. The driver becomes a passenger, no longer having to take part in driving the vehicle. The big challenge for the future is how the seat that can be rotated in the front row of a car will have an impact on the future passenger safety system. The aim of the research is to build a simulation model that will allow us to study the area. It is absolutely necessary to use a real test to validate the simulations. To investigate the influence of swivel seats on the restraint systems, the seat positions to be analyzed must first be narrowed down. The area examined extends from 0˚, which corresponds to the current driver’s seat position, to the 180˚ position, in which the driver’s view is directed towards the rear. In order to limit the number of variants that are examined, the angle steps are limited. As part of this research, the 0˚, 30˚, 60˚, 90˚, 135˚, 180˚ positions of the seat are examined in more detail and examinations are carried out on the basis of these variants.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-15211-5_4

Calibration Measurements and Computational Models of Sensors Used in Autonomous Vehicles

Csaba Hajdu István Lakatos

Publication Name: Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering

Publication Date: 2023-01-01

Volume: 51

Issue: 3

Page Range: 230-241

Description:

An increasing number of vehicles are equipped with cameras. As perception sensors, they scan the surrounding area and supply the Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) for building up an environmental model through the use of computer vision techniques. While they perform well under good weather conditions their efficiency is reduced by adverse environmental influences such as rain, fog and occlusion through dirt. As a consequence, the vision based ADAS obtains poor quality information, and the model also becomes faulty. This paper deals with methods to estimate information quality of cameras in order to warn the assistance system of possible wrong working conditions. In particular, situations of contamination or occlusion of the windshield or camera lens, as well as foggy weather are taken into account in this paper. In the issue of occlusion total, fractional and transparent effectuations have to be recognized and distinguished. Therefore, this paper proposes an approach based on edge analysis of consecutive frames and presents initial experimental results of the implementation. In the field of Fog Detection a method based on the Logarithmic Image Processing Model is described and the results are shown.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3311/PPtr.18453

Preparing of a Simulation System for an Examination of Non-Conventional Seating Positions in the Case of a Self-Driving Car

István Lakatos Laszlo Porkolab Audi Hungaria

Publication Name: Acta Polytechnica Hungarica

Publication Date: 2023-01-01

Volume: 20

Issue: 9

Page Range: 207-226

Description:

In recent years, society has turned it is gaze ever further away from vehicles with conventional drive systems such as the internal combustion engine towards vehicles with electric motors. In the course of these ideas, the concept of autonomous driving is increasingly coming to the forefront and crystallizing as a wish. The article introduces the field of vehicle safety in general and lists possible injury criteria. After that, the current concepts of fully autonomous vehicles will be presented. The aim of the research is to investigate the effect of different rotated seat positions on the injuries of passengers in the event of an accident using a simulation model. The article presents the applied simulation procedure, the simulation results and its validation. The article pointed out that the kinematics of the driver's movement during an accident changes radically as a result of the rotated seat positions, which significantly increases the chance of fatal injuries.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.12700/APH.20.9.2023.9.12

Possibilities of Using of Online Vehicle Diagnostics in the Future

István Lakatos Jozsef Nagy

Publication Name: Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

Publication Date: 2023-01-01

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 71-83

Description:

In the premium vehicle category, real-time online internet connection has become a standard in recent years. This trend is likely to spread completely in the automotive industry in the coming years. This fact offers a lot of new options in the field of vehicle maintenance (and predictive maintenance). Another possible use case may be remote diagnostics of in-use vehicles on the market, analysis of their online data and thereby an extension of the product development process after SOP. An additional new option may be to automatically collect, evaluate and generate of onboard diagnostics data to report to different authorities. E.g. OBFCM (onboard fuel consumption) or IUMPR j3 (in use monitoring performance ratio) field reports. In vehicle production, during the test drive, it could be possible to read and log of measurement data of the finished vehicle’s control units online Another application may be to test vehicles online during the production process e.g. to read of DTC’s (diagnostics trouble codes) during technical tests or to monitor of SoC (state of charge) of battery online while moving vehicles within the factory.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-15211-5_7

Integrated Smart System for the Coordination of Traffic Light Traffic Management and Intelligent Public Lighting in Hungary

László Könözsy István Lakatos Nikolett Fecser István Hausel Tamás Árvai

Publication Name: Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering

Publication Date: 2023-01-01

Volume: 51

Issue: 1

Page Range: 49-56

Description:

In our study, the operation of a smart system in current operation and the implementation plan of traffic management by traffic lights of a junction are presented. Public lighting has a major effect on the efficacy of cities and the well-being and safety of their inhabitants. The energy consumed for public lighting entails significant costs for the urban management. In our constantly evolving world, there is an ever-growing demand for lighting, leading to the increase in expenses, as well. Smart cities are dedicated to apply the most energy-efficient solution in order to decrease expenses in respect of the safety of all road users.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3311/PPtr.20397

Mathematical Description of the Universal IDM - some Comments and Application

Tibor Vadvári István Lakatos Krisztián Szabó András Háry Tamas Péter Ferenc Szauter

Publication Name: Acta Polytechnica Hungarica

Publication Date: 2023-01-01

Volume: 20

Issue: 7

Page Range: 99-115

Description:

The aim of the study is to define and mathematically describe the universal IDM. An important result of this research is that the model uses a single system of differential equations. It is able to simultaneously describe the dynamic operations of the IDM systems for all different vehicle sequences. The aim of the study is to support the driving of autonomous vehicles by taking into account the dynamic variations in the state characteristics of traffic processes. The approach used is motivated by important issues in current modelling techniques that address significant economic problems in the application of large-scale ITS network models. This also points to a new opportunity in the key area of vehicle traffic management, in the related targeted fundamental research, particularly in the analysis of traffic processes in large-scale dynamic networks.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.12700/APH.20.7.2023.7.6

Cell Fault Identification and Localization Procedure for Lithium-Ion Battery System of Electric Vehicles Based on Real Measurement Data

Szabolcs Fischer István Lakatos Szabolcs Kocsis Szurke Antal Apagyi Gergő Sütheö

Publication Name: Algorithms

Publication Date: 2022-12-01

Volume: 15

Issue: 12

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

Vehicle safety risk can be decreased by diagnosing the lithium-ion battery system of electric road vehicles. Real-time cell diagnostics can avoid unexpected occurrences. However, lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles can significantly differ in design, capacity, and chemical composition. In addition, the battery monitoring systems of the various vehicles are also diverse, so communication across the board is not available or can only be achieved with significant difficulty. Hence, unique type-dependent data queries and filtering are necessary in most cases. In this paper, a Volkswagen e-Golf electric vehicle is investigated; communication with the vehicle was implemented via an onboard diagnostic port (so-called OBD), and the data stream was recorded. The goal of the research is principally to filter out, identify, and localize defective/weak battery cells. Numerous test cycles (constant and dynamic measurements) were carried out to identify cell abnormalities (so-called deviations). A query and data filtering process was designed to detect defective battery cells. The fault detection procedure is based on several cell voltage interruptions at various loading levels. The methodology demonstrated in this article uses a fault diagnosis technique based on voltage abnormalities. In addition, it employs a hybrid algorithm that executes calculations on measurement and recorded data. In the evaluation, a status line comprising three different categories was obtained by parametrizing and prioritizing (weighting) the individual measured values. It allows the cells to be divided into the categories green (adequate region), yellow (to be monitored), and red (possible error). In addition, several querying strategies were developed accordingly to clarify and validate the measurement results. The several strategies were examined individually and analyzed for their strengths and weaknesses. Based on the results, a data collection, processing, and evaluation strategy for an electric vehicle battery system have been developed. The advantage of the developed algorithm is that the method can be adapted to any electric or hybrid vehicle battery.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/a15120467

Developing water supply system in Szogye

István Lakatos Nikolett Fecser

Publication Name: Pollack Periodica

Publication Date: 2022-04-30

Volume: 17

Issue: 1

Page Range: 94-99

Description:

The deteriorative processes occurring in the environment, the growth of population, the water demand of industry and agriculture, point out day after day the increasing role of water management. The economical use of drinking-water consumption as well as the cost reduction is becoming more and more important. In this research, the measure of a water supplier of Gyor was examined in terms of implementing the purposes above.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1556/606.2021.00467

Possible Applications of Quantum Computing, Especially in Vehicle Technology: A Review Article

Dániel Feszty István Lakatos Ferenc Ignácz

Publication Name: Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering

Publication Date: 2022-01-01

Volume: 50

Issue: 3

Page Range: 245-251

Description:

Given the current trend in the development of quantum computing, it can be expected that it will revolutionize many areas of science, including vehicle technology. In this review, we present the current research results of quantum computing technology and its possible application potential in the field of vehicle technology and structural simulation. In addition, we provide an overview of the current challenges, difficulties, and future of quantum computing.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3311/PPTR.16547

Testing and Modeling Procedure of the 18650 Lithium Battery at Different Temperatures

Adrienn Dineva István Lakatos Szabolcs Kocsis Szurke

Publication Name: 2022 22nd International Symposium on Electrical Apparatus and Technologies Siela 2022 Proceedings

Publication Date: 2022-01-01

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

In this paper a two-time constant (TTC) electrical model is investigated to simulate the operation of 18650 batteries at different temperatures. To determine the parameters of the model, a new test procedure is developed, which can be used to obtain a wide range of information on the behavior of the tested batteries after 10 measurements. After performing the tests, detailed information on the constant, transient, and dynamic behavior of the battery over a wide temperature range is available. After, a statistics-based Ordered Weighted Averaging (OWA) aggregation operator is applied to evaluate the results. The general model is developed based on standardized parameters. Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP) tests are performed to validate the simulation results. The operation of the model has been tested at 4 different temperatures: -15 °C, 0 °C, 25 °C, 60 °C. The simulation results are compared and evaluated with real measurement data.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1109/SIELA54794.2022.9845767

Determination of critical deformation regions of a lithium polymer battery by dic measurement and wowa filter

Adrienn Dineva István Lakatos Szabolcs Szalai Szabolcs Kocsis Szurke

Publication Name: Acta Polytechnica Hungarica

Publication Date: 2022-01-01

Volume: 19

Issue: 2

Page Range: 113-134

Description:

This paper considers the determination method of deformation location of lithium polymer batteries. Measurements are performed using the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) technique and the obtained results are sorted into a database as a function of the charge level. A statistically based algorithm is used to eliminate measurement errors and outliers. This paper adopts the Weighted Ordered Weighted Averaging (WOWA) operator-based 2D filtering method with the purpose of determining the critical regions of the cell. During the tests, several lithium polymer batteries of the same type but in different states are compared. Measurements on completely new and also on worn-out batteries are performed. The results support that the regions where greater deformation is expected during charging and discharging can be predicted. Results of investigations validate that the proposed approach is suitable for determining the critical deformation regions with high accuracy.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: DOI not available

Maximizing the Capacity Utilization of Selective Waste Collection Vehicles

István Lakatos Adam Titrik

Publication Name: Acta Polytechnica Hungarica

Publication Date: 2022-01-01

Volume: 19

Issue: 7

Page Range: 165-176

Description:

Selective Waste Collection is an essential part of recycling raw materials, in order to protect our environment. The waste collection is carried out by using a seriously polluting vehicle, due to the fact that most of the gathering vehicles are using fossil energy sources, like gasoline. High volume of carcinogenic elements are contained in the emitted exhaust gases. The current waste collection methods are just focusing on the load of the selective waste collective vehicle during a collection route. The goal of this research is to find the best solution to use the full storage capacity of the selective waste collecting vehicle with the lowest volume of residual air due to the effectively compressed waste. The closed and uncompressed PET bottles require the largest volume in the waste collecting vehicle. It is essential to minimize the air in the PET bottles to decrease the volume. Different methods have been examined to increase the density of the selectively collected waste. Statistical data have been used to determine the collecting parameters – nowadays, a 15 t waste collecting vehicle, with a 20 m3 load capacity is only gathering 1-1.5 t PET due to the ineffective use of its load compartment. The application of the method herein, enhances the efficiency of the waste collecting vehicle by gathering 4-10 times more waste than currently used methods.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.12700/APH.19.7.2022.7.9

Vehicle occupant safety development with finite element method

István Lakatos Laszlo Porkolab

Publication Name: Pollack Periodica

Publication Date: 2021-08-01

Volume: 16

Issue: 2

Page Range: 30-35

Description:

Crash tests of vehicles are specified by government programs. This laws are includes only minimum requirements for individual components. Therefore additional consumer protection load cases have been developed by independent private institutes. Finite element method simulations can reduce development periods and the number of cost-intensive real crash tests. The goals of the calculations are that the early detection of component failure, the protection of occupants or pedestrians. The biggest challenge of the future, in the field of vehicle occupant safety is the interaction of the airbags and belt system with dummy by the electric vehicles, which have the concept of autonomous driving function. The aim of the research is to investigate this area using a simulation model.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1556/606.2021.00306

Statistical approach for designing generic 18650 battery model

Adrienn Dineva István Lakatos Krisztian Horvath Szabolcs Kocsis Szurke

Publication Name: 2021 17th Conference on Electrical Machines Drives and Power Systems Elma 2021 Proceedings

Publication Date: 2021-07-01

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

Most battery models are designed by estimating its parameters of one or two different cells. During simulations, these models perform satisfactorily and produce results very close to reality. The problem occurs when measurements are conducted with cells from different manufacturers and large variations are observed during the dynamic loads. The purpose of this paper is to design a general model for 18650 designed batteries, which provides as little deviation as possible when using different cell types. To establish the general model, constant load, transient, and dynamic load tests on 8 different cells are performed. An Ordered Weighted Averaging operator is used to standardize the measurement results and determine the model parameters. Outliers are filtered out using the weight parameter. To create the battery model a two-time-constant circuit model is used in MATLAB Simulink. Worldwide Harmonized Light Vehicle Test Procedure (WLTP) tests are used to validate the results.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1109/ELMA52514.2021.9503034

Cavitation measurement in a centrifugal pump

István Lakatos Nikolett Fecser

Publication Name: Acta Polytechnica Hungarica

Publication Date: 2021-01-01

Volume: 18

Issue: 4

Page Range: 63-77

Description:

One of the causes of centrifugal pump instability lies in the phenomenon of cavitation. Cavitation in the centrifugal pump can produce undesirable effects such as deterioration in hydraulic performance. In order to prevent the emergence of cavitation, it is required to know the onset point of the cavitation, in the pump. Our study presents the process and result of the cavitation measurement performed on a centrifugal pump in a closed loop test system. In this study, we applied CFD analysis, which serves as a means of measuring flow in the impeller of the centrifugal pump. The results gained from CFD analysis correspond, approximately, to the measured results.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.12700/APH.18.4.2021.4.4

Alternative Propulsion Buses in the Metropolitan Public Transport

István Lakatos Dániel Pup Andor Nagy Ferenc Szauter

Publication Name: Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

Publication Date: 2021-01-01

Volume: 22

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 49-66

Description:

The lecture is analysing the possibility of an optimal energy mix through the example of a Hungarian metropolis. Using the city bus routes, we analyse and compare the traditional Diesel, CNG, and electric propulsion. An optimal energy mix is provided by using SWOT analysis.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-9529-5_5

Analysis of network traversal and qualification of the testing values of trajectories

Tibor Vadvári István Lakatos Krisztián Szabó András Háry Tamás Péter Ferenc Szauter

Publication Name: Acta Polytechnica Hungarica

Publication Date: 2021-01-01

Volume: 18

Issue: 10

Page Range: 151-171

Description:

This research work is aimed directly at the study of network traversal, for the design of vehicle dynamics and driving test programs. The work can be applied more widely to the qualification of test tracks. In addition to general modelling, this method can also be used to investigate the formation of loops in order to take into account, the sub-routes, multiple times. An important area of its application is the more comprehensive analysis of complex loads, as well as, the development of learning algorithms, which can be achieved by repeating multiple traversals of certain track sections within a series of measurements, and can be used for the development of on-board vehicle systems. The mathematical modelling is presented through the application of the geometric graph and subgraphs of the track. The properties of the Markov model extracted from the connection matrix of the large-scale network model are also presented. In this way, the modelling is extended to the application of the connection matrix of the large-scale network model as well. The modelling and computational details are demonstrated by means of a computer based, algebraic program. This modelling and the results of the calculations, will allow the further development of a test program design and related evaluation methods.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: DOI not available

Battery deformation measurement with DIC technique

István Lakatos Szabolcs Szalai Szabolcs Kocsis Szurke

Publication Name: 2020 21st International Symposium on Electrical Apparatus and Technologies Siela 2020 Proceedings

Publication Date: 2020-06-01

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

In this paper the deformation of lithium polymer batteries during charging and discharging is measured using a GOM Atos system. The aim of the study is to evaluate the deformation of the cell surface. During the tests, the battery cell is re-digitized after 10% energy input and output. Trend results are recorded and analysed for deformation as a function of charge level. We also determine open circuit voltage and average deformation point relationship. Our study supports that there is a correlation between the deformation data and the charge level.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1109/SIELA49118.2020.9167109

Integrated application of network traffic and intelligent driver models in the test laboratory analysis of autonomous vehicles and electric vehicles

István Lakatos Zoltán Rózsás Tamás Péter Ferenc Szauter

Publication Name: International Journal of Heavy Vehicle Systems

Publication Date: 2020-01-01

Volume: 27

Issue: 1-2

Page Range: 227-245

Description:

The aim of the research is to develop a laboratory model-based diagnostic procedure that performs tests of the motion processes of autonomous electric vehicles in a particular city, on a transport network or track. The test consists of a laboratory based generation of the corresponding speed and steering angle signals, being in accordance with real driving and traffic conditions, which are also used in the test procedure. The procedure takes into account the real trajectory tracking process as well (Péter and Lakatos, 2017).

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1504/IJHVS.2020.104422

On-board diagnostic-based positioning as an additional information source of driver assistant systems

István Lakatos Gergő Pálfi Tibor Busznyák

Publication Name: Acta Polytechnica Hungarica

Publication Date: 2019-01-01

Volume: 16

Issue: 5

Page Range: 217-234

Description:

Nowadays the role of driver assistant systems is becoming more and more pertinent in the vehicle industry. The increasing automation level presents opportunity to involve the driver in any kind of network such as network among vehicles (V2X) and into vehicle and infrastructure connections. The essence of automation in case of the vehicle industry is to facilitate for the vehicle to provide services based on multi-information sources to help the driver because in modern transport systems the most cardinal criteria are environment friendly, plannable, cost efficient and safety travel. Thus, the stability of data transport plays the key role in case of connected vehicles. The following sections will present an opportunity in a detailed way to determine the vehicle’s position relying on the vehicle’s On-Board Diagnostic system based on the developed algorithm and will show how this method can help the driver assistant system’s reliable operation as well.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.12700/APH.16.5.2019.5.12

Vehicle dynamic-based approach for the optimization of traffic parameters of the intelligent driver model (IDM) and for the support of autonomous vehicles’ driving ability

István Lakatos Tamás Péter

Publication Name: Acta Polytechnica Hungarica

Publication Date: 2019-01-01

Volume: 16

Issue: 3

Page Range: 121-140

Description:

The research identifies the dynamical parameters in the area of mechanics within the base of traffic model parameters used by the Intelligent Driver Model (IDM), which are the highest acceleration parameters set by the vehicle, the desired speed parameters of the vehicle and the distance-keeping parameters of the vehicle. All this facilitates the automatic control of autonomous electric vehicles in certain vehicle groups.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.12700/APH.16.3.2019.3.7

Demonstrating the Options for Automated Advanced Selective Waste Gathering

István Lakatos Adam Titrik János Hollósi

Publication Name: Sisy 2018 IEEE 16th International Symposium on Intelligent Systems and Informatics Proceedings

Publication Date: 2018-11-05

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 167-171

Description:

Due to continuous developments, the exhausting and unpleasant work done by humans is going to be partly or totally replaced by automated devices. Such developments can be found in the field of transport concerning autonomous and networked vehicles. Although we are at a quite early stage of development, it is highly practical to make plans for a more distant future, i.e. targeting a totally automated selective waste gathering. Apart from the application of smart containers, this study presents alternatives for networked automated selective waste gathering.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1109/SISY.2018.8524707

Questions regarding vehicle safety and the mathematical analysis of safety in large scale networks using positive dynamic systems and probability theory methods

István Lakatos Krisztián Szabó Tamas Péter Ferenc Szauter

Publication Name: 2018 14th IEEE ASME International Conference on Mechatronic and Embedded Systems and Applications Mesa 2018

Publication Date: 2018-08-27

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

This paper introduces the mathematical modeling, safety analysis and development of diagnostic methods. Its aim is to establish a new, accredited research laboratory for the testing and quality assurance of hybrid and electric driven vehicles. The task is very complex and it puts special emphasis on environmental and safety issues.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1109/MESA.2018.8449171

The lithium polymer battery swelling test with high-precision displacement sensors

István Lakatos Szabolcs Kocsis Szurke

Publication Name: 2018 20th International Symposium on Electrical Apparatus and Technologies Siela 2018 Proceedings

Publication Date: 2018-08-24

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

The inappropriate charge-discharge of lithium polymer batteries or the high number of cycles (degradation) can lead to volume expansion. The principal motivation is to precisely determine the beginning and the causes of this expansion. During the research one of the objectives is to create a measurement system which can sample the deformation occurring in the course of charge and discharge. The other main aim is to process the measured results and to detect the conditions which critically influence the lifespan of the battery.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1109/SIELA.2018.8447119

Diagnostic measurement and data evaluation for the effective performance of motor vehicles with free acceleration

István Lakatos Péter Ori

Publication Name: Sisy 2017 IEEE 15th International Symposium on Intelligent Systems and Informatics Proceedings

Publication Date: 2017-10-23

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 219-224

Description:

During car services, it is sometimes necessary to measure the effective performance of the engines. After repairs it is very useful to check the change of the performance. In this case you don't have possibility of dismantling. You can measure the vehicle on roll benches. In this case you have so-called wheel performance as result. The new method discussed and described in this article provides a solution to this problem. The paper contains the theoretical and practical introduction of the measurement of engine performance with diagnostic measurement processes.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1109/SISY.2017.8080556

Logistic conception for real-time based info-communication system applied in selective waste gathering

István Lakatos Adam Titrik Tamas Péter

Publication Name: 2017 IEEE 14th International Scientific Conference on Informatics Informatics 2017 Proceedings

Publication Date: 2017-03-27

Volume: 2018-January

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 203-209

Description:

Decreasing of available raw materials, fossil energy source and new approach made recycling necessary and inevitable. For recycling selective waste areas have been placed, where inhabitants can drop their waste for free. Waste containers have different saturation time, while gathering process is predefined, therefore independently whether it is needed or not they will be emptied. Further problem is that there is no optimization on the way to the container, which results in serious environmental load (noise and air pollution). This study deals with high level route optimization to minimize environmental load concerning noise and air pollution and by the application of real-time communication the appropriate containers are only going to be emptied.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1109/INFORMATICS.2017.8327247

Diagnostic measurement for the effective performance of motor vehicles with free acceleration

István Lakatos Péter Ori

Publication Name: 15th Imeko Tc10 Workshop on Technical Diagnostics 2017 Technical Diagnostics in Cyber Physical Era

Publication Date: 2017-01-01

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 188-193

Description:

Diagnostics means instrumental measurement without dismantling. So measuring the engines on rolling roads is not incorporated in this concept, as this measurement is accomplished on engines taken out from vehicles. During service, it is often necessary to measure the performance of the engines, or to judge the performance projection of some corrections. The new method discussed in this article provides a solution to this problem.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: DOI not available

Two operating states-based low energy consumption vehicle control

István Lakatos Ernö Horváth Peter Koros Ferenc Szauter

Publication Name: Proceedings of the ASME Design Engineering Technical Conference

Publication Date: 2017-01-01

Volume: 9

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

The current paper presents a realization of a complex vehicle control task. The goal was to consume the lowest possible energy in a less than 100 kg, wheel hub motor-driven vehicle. The realization is based on two distinguishable operating states which states characterizes well the driving cycle of the vehicle. The main contribution of the proposed method is that it reliably estimates the external loads which interacts the vehicle, the controller can adapt to this changes thus it can guarantee the minimal energy consumption. The vehicle described in the paper is a participant at the Shell Eco-marathon Europe competition in Urban Concept - Battery Electric category.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1115/DETC2017-67978

Hybrid model of vehicle and traffic for combined dynamic analysis

István Lakatos Tamas Péter

Publication Name: International Journal of Heavy Vehicle Systems

Publication Date: 2017-01-01

Volume: 24

Issue: 2

Page Range: 97-112

Description:

Analysis and research of vehicle dynamics processes is a complex task that should be carried out taking into account the real traffic and environment. To this end, the examined hybrid model is the union of the vehicle dynamics model and the traffic network process model. In their relationship, drivers or automatic pilots play a decisive role, who take into account both systems alike.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1504/IJHVS.2017.083095

Investigating the appliance of aluminum as a winding material with high efficiency electric motor

István Lakatos Dávid Czeglédi Ferenc Szauter

Publication Name: Mesa 2016 12th IEEE ASME International Conference on Mechatronic and Embedded Systems and Applications Conference Proceedings

Publication Date: 2016-10-07

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

Nowadays the driveline development of public and individual transport is very significant. More and more hybrid and full electric urban vehicle can be found on city roads. The application of electric drive increases in public transport as well. This tendency is shown in Europe, but it also can be observed in America and Asia. The figures show that the electric application tends to increase in the following years and decades. Copper is solely usable as the winding material at the motors of full electric or hybrid driven vehicles. Based on predictions, the copper resources are running down, which means that the price of copper will greatly increase in a very short time, or these resources can be totally exhausted in an extreme situation. In this article, I investigate the applications of other metals but mainly of aluminium, which could provide solutions to the replacement of copper.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1109/MESA.2016.7587119

Complex analysis of vehicle and environment dynamics

István Lakatos Dániel Pup Tamas Péter Ferenc Szauter

Publication Name: Mesa 2016 12th IEEE ASME International Conference on Mechatronic and Embedded Systems and Applications Conference Proceedings

Publication Date: 2016-10-07

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

This paper introduces mathematical modelling, the development of diagnostic methods and the design of producing a prototype. Its aim is to establish a new, accredited research laboratory for the testing and quality assurance of hybrid and electric driven vehicles. The task is very complex and it puts special emphasis on environmental and safety issues. It highlights the fact that its application under laboratory conditions establishes a new situation for measurement. It points out that the complex research which develops diagnostic techniques and procedures related to real operation and urban environment, moreover, applies optimal planning methods still has novelty.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1109/MESA.2016.7587112

An in-depth analysis of cycling and pedestrian accidents in Hungary

József Óberling István Lakatos Dániel Pup Tamas Péter Ferenc Szauter

Publication Name: Mesa 2016 12th IEEE ASME International Conference on Mechatronic and Embedded Systems and Applications Conference Proceedings

Publication Date: 2016-10-07

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

The National Committee for Accident Prevention (OBB) of the National Police Headquarters of Hungary (ORFK) has ordered an analytical research on accidents involving cyclists and pedestrians in 2013-14. The Department of Automotive and Railway Engineering at Széchenyi István University Gyor has carried out an evaluative and analytical study on this issue and has made proposals based on the results of the study. Within the framework of this project, it has also set out actions aiming to increase road safety. The following study gives an insight into this analysis.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1109/MESA.2016.7587113

Development of individual information technology systems of experimental vehicles

Peter Dely István Lakatos Ernö Horváth Peter Koros

Publication Name: Saci 2015 10th Jubilee IEEE International Symposium on Applied Computational Intelligence and Informatics Proceedings

Publication Date: 2015-08-17

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 489-493

Description:

Two experimental vehicles were developed during the last two years in the Research Center of Vehicle Industry. The vehicles mentioned above are electrically driven and equipped with own developed computational modules. During development of the computational modules it was an important issue for us to create easily extendable systems which are easy-To-use. Different applications are realized in the two vehicles, consequently, different requirements were set up concerning our applications.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1109/SACI.2015.7208253

In-cylinder pressure indication of internal combustion engines for diagnostic purposes

Peter Dely István Lakatos

Publication Name: Sami 2015 IEEE 13th International Symposium on Applied Machine Intelligence and Informatics Proceedings

Publication Date: 2015-03-16

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 37-40

Description:

Beside onboard diagnostic methods, procedures examining the basic processes of engine operation are also of high importance in the field of vehicle diagnostics. Thermodynamic investigation of the combustion process, for instance, is excellently applicable not only for research and development but for service diagnostic purposes too. Possibilities and significance of the above tests as well as our newly developed methods are presented in the article.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1109/SAMI.2015.7061902

Saturation optimization of selective waste collection vehicles based on real-Time info-communication system

István Lakatos Adam Titrik Dávid Czeglédi

Publication Name: Proceedings of the ASME Design Engineering Technical Conference

Publication Date: 2015-01-01

Volume: 9

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

New technology trends are spreading in selective waste collection, which apply real-Time based info-communication systems defining the saturation of the containers. Merely defining the routes to containers is not enough; saturation of the waste gathering vehicle should also be measured for optimization. In practice, the compression scale of homogenous recyclable waste types is different meaning that saturation optimization cannot be based on this value. This study aims to provide answers to the above-mentioned problem. In order to have an extended analysis the whole city traffic should be taken into account as waste collection traffic may be obstructed by traffic itself. The RPC (Route Planning Center) will apply optimal control for the entire traffic network, which is elaborated by a network analyst pre-calculating network state parameters. The extended approach is based on a determined complex road network modelling technique. Thus further research will be able to integrate the circumstances of the entire traffic network like the definition of traffic network dependent optimal trajectory in chapter 8.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1115/DETC2015-46720

Determination of power and torque curves of electric driven vehicles based on diagnostic methods

István Lakatos Dávid Czeglédi Dániel Pup

Publication Name: Proceedings of the ASME Design Engineering Technical Conference

Publication Date: 2015-01-01

Volume: 9

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

The transmitted power of motors can be defined by test bench examinations, in which the motor needs to be dismounted. By applying diagnostic methods only minimal disassembly, or indeed none at all, is necessary. In this paper diagnostic methods are systematized by different studies. Moreover, a new diagnostic procedure (established by the authors) is also introduced, which can be carried out by a relatively cheap measuring system design. Power measurement on a roller test bench is a well-Tried technique for vehicle examination. Basically, the wheel parameters (tractive force, torque, power) are measured, but there are also procedures for motor power measurement. By applying the new procedure, the diagnostic method, (simple construction and test bench construction at a favourable price) torque and power characteristics of the mounted motor can be defined. The theoretical considerations of the new measuring technique and the implementation of the measuring system are introduced in this paper. Test bench for drive motor power and torque curve determination. In this study the diagnostical measuring systems and, for the first time, the measuring principle and technology of the new theorybased roller power test bench are presented. For its construction measurements have been carried out which make an important contribution to the research. The results of the research contribute to the development of diagnostics methods and to making them more wide-spread.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1115/DETC2015-46724

Development of a new method for comparing the cold startand the idling operation of internal combustion engines

István Lakatos

Publication Name: Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering

Publication Date: 2015-01-01

Volume: 43

Issue: 4

Page Range: 225-231

Description:

In case of public transportation, the protection of the environment and the economic operation are highlighted issues. The cold start and the cold operational procedure of buses must be optimal both in the scope of environment protection and economic aspects (fuel consumption, wear and tear). By taking these factors into consideration, we have analysed the relevant influential factors and elaborated such a measuring system with the aid of which the fuel consumption can be measured continuously during the operation. Fuel consumption measurements were accomplished with the aid of a new measuring system during cold operation and running and on the basis of processing and evaluating the findings we have suggested a new operational procedure.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3311/PPtr.8087

Analysis of the complex environmental impact on urban trajectories

István Lakatos Tamas Péter Ferenc Szauter

Publication Name: Proceedings of the ASME Design Engineering Technical Conference

Publication Date: 2015-01-01

Volume: 9

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

Modeling traffic processes on large-scale road networks leads to the application of positive non-linear systems, Luenberger (1979). Running profiles can be gained from the applied large-size network model based on previous validations, which are sufficiently complex, complicated and built up by accelerations, decelerations and frequent stops. To develop accelerated methods for analyzing complex environmental impact on urban trajectories Our planned researches on emission encourage the further standardization and beyond that, the bilateral interoperability. According to our goals we point out on the differences, which have to be taken into account in the urban traffic also, and of which the lab measurements may vary. Real processes operate like this, which differ from those applied in laboratories and on roller brake test bench. In reality, however, vehicle emission strongly depends on driving style; moreover, it is also affected by any change in traffic flow. Significant differences can be realized in various regions and countries. The role of the optimal vehicle control is highlighted in every case. The same can be stated of the environmental loads of pollutant emissions and concerning the vehicle and environment dynamic. The detailed analysis introduced above has big impact on further automotive researches as being rapid and applicable for big number of vehicles providing statistical support.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1115/DETC2015-47077

Operation and applicability issues of powertrain models in electric vehicle development

István Lakatos Peter Koros Viktor Nagy

Publication Name: Mesa 2014 10th IEEE ASME International Conference on Mechatronic and Embedded Systems and Applications Conference Proceedings

Publication Date: 2014-10-24

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

The paper deals with researches started several years ago at the Department of Road and Rail Vehicles and Research Center of Vehicle Industry, Széchenyi István University. Simulation of electric driven vehicles and utilization of results are in focus.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1109/MESA.2014.6935610

Examinations of complex traffic dynamic systems and new analysis, modeling and simulation of electrical vehicular systems

István Lakatos Tamas Péter Ferenc Szauter

Publication Name: Mesa 2014 10th IEEE ASME International Conference on Mechatronic and Embedded Systems and Applications Conference Proceedings

Publication Date: 2014-10-24

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

A validated, quick and cost-effective alternative method can be applied to analyze driver load, which is based on the track record of the city, traffic simulation model and parameters of the vehicle and driver characteristics.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1109/MESA.2014.6935613

Diagnostic measurement for the effective performance of motor vehicles

István Lakatos

Publication Name: Acta Polytechnica Hungarica

Publication Date: 2013-01-01

Volume: 10

Issue: 3

Page Range: 239-249

Description:

Diagnostics means instrumental measurement without dismantling. So measuring the engines on rolling roads is not incorporated in this concept, as this measurement is accomplished on engines taken out from vehicles. During service, it is often necessary to measure the performance of the engines, or to judge the performance projection of some corrections. The new method discussed in this article provides a solution to this problem.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.12700/aph.10.03.2013.3.16

Elaboration of a new method for developing a diagnostic procedure for motor vehicles based on a model

István Lakatos

Publication Name: Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering

Publication Date: 2013-01-01

Volume: 41

Issue: 1

Page Range: 57-64

Description:

In diagnostic expert systems we utilize the professional knowledge accumulated in the given field. This is processed by an adequate software. Although, it causes problem that the regularities of the diagnostic systems cannot always be algorithmized. In the forthcoming section I analyse the connection between the elaboration of diagnostic procedures used for the operation of vehicles and vehicle systems and their modelling from a different perspective. It can provide an aid for the elaboration of a new diagnostic procedure if we apply models for the analysis of the behaviour of the phenomena we would like to study [10, 11].

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3311/PPtr.7100