Roland Kelemen
58283156900
Publications - 13
The Connections Between Social Media Platforms and Hybridity
Publication Name: Palgrave Studies in Digital Inequalities
Publication Date: 2025-01-01
Volume: Part F742
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: 105-123
Description:
The method of hybrid threats and the underlying conceptual framework have been widely investigated again since the second half of the 2000s, following Hezbollah’s tangible military success in Lebanon against the Israel Defense Forces in 2006. This was exacerbated by the activities of the Islamic State, which conducted a sophisticated and rather aggressive marketing campaign, and developed psychological warfare in cyberspace to a high level. Various operations in the context of the Ukrainian crisis and the Russian annexation of Crimea have once again brought hybrid warfare into the spotlight. The hybrid equipments are not new in history, but their success has been obviously enhanced by the development of technology, especially cyberspace and the wide range of opportunities cyberspace offers. Following the Russian–Ukrainian crisis, it has also become clear that hybrid instruments can not only appear as parts of a complex interstate conflict but that some of their elements can be used on their own. Clear examples of this include various disinformation campaigns. In this paper, the authors highlight, through a characterisation of hybrid conflicts, the extent to which the use of soft assets is an immanent part of contemporary military operations. The filtering practices and mechanisms, economic and market perceptions of social media platforms can be used to conduct disinformation campaigns.
Open Access: Yes
Legal Framework and Data Storage Background of Online Collected Data for Predictive Maintenance and Repair Purposes in the Automotive Sector in the European Union
Publication Name: IEEE Access
Publication Date: 2025-01-01
Volume: 13
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: 157986-158000
Description:
This research begins with a simple but essential question: In predictive vehicle maintenance, where should raw data from a car be stored? Some argue that it makes sense to keep it within the vehicle, managed directly by its control units. Others prefer sending it to a backend system for evaluation by larger models. We found that this decision cannot be made based solely on technical reasoning. The legal conditions surrounding personal data, cybersecurity, product responsibility, and AI-based systems in the European Union carry equal weight in shaping feasibility. These regulations not only impose constraints but also actively influence the design and application of such technologies in real-world scenarios. The findings suggest that legal barriers frequently limit implementation more than current technical capabilities. Addressing these constraints early in the design process is crucial, as they define not only what types of data processing are permitted but also how predictive maintenance services can be delivered to users. To support responsible development, this study proposes a legal-technical framework tailored to the European regulatory landscape. It aligns predictive maintenance systems with key European Union regulations, including the GDPR, Cybersecurity Act, Cyber Resilience Act, and AI Act.
Open Access: Yes
The Most Significant Case of Military Supplier Fraud in Hungary During the First World War: The Criminal Judgement of the Cloth-Fraud Case Based on the Judgements of the Military Courts of the Time
Publication Name: Journal on European History of Law
Publication Date: 2025-01-01
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Page Range: 154-161
Description:
In the first year of the First World War, several cases of war transport abuse came to light in Hungary, which were of great social interest and caused extremely significant material and moral damage. One of the largest of these was the so-called baized fraud case. The special feature of these cases is that some of the defendants are military personnel, while others have civilian status. In Hungary, the practice has developed that both categories of persons are tried by military courts. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the historical facts of the case, the legal context of the case and the decisions of the courts at first and second instance.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: DOI not available
Cyberfare State1 Concept The Impact of the Transformation of Individuals and Their Relationships on the Functioning and Security of the State
Publication Name: Journal of Information Ethics
Publication Date: 2024-09-01
Volume: 33
Issue: 2
Page Range: 37-48
Description:
The study builds on the basic idea of the cyberfare state model to show the impact of cyberspace on individuals and their interconnections; i.e., the social networks. In doing so, it shows that the basic characteristics of these segments of the social totality have undergone significant qualitative and quantitative changes in recent decades, shaping their dynamics, malleability and overall impact on state security. Accordingly, the state had to respond to this phenomenon, to which they gave different answers based on their relationship to the rule of law. The states of the smart total control cyberfare state have moved toward Orwellian rule, also using the achievements of cyberspace, while in the case of democratic states the only way forward is to strengthen the capabilities of individuals (users) and increase their knowledge. In the second half of the paper, the author reviews the steps taken to this end.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.2307/JIE.33.2.37
The Impact of Digital Inequality on IT Identity in the Light of Inequalities in Internet Access
Publication Name: Elte Law Journal
Publication Date: 2024-01-01
Volume: 2024
Issue: 2
Page Range: 173-186
Description:
This article investigates the relationship between the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and Internet access, focusing on how digital connectivity influences the achievement of these global objectives. This research examines digital inequalities in access, usage, skills and outcomes through a mixed-methods approach, including statistical analysis and case studies. The findings indicate a strong correlation between Internet access and progression towards the European sustainability goals related to education quality, gender equality and industry innovation. In particular, it can be shown that where Internet access indicators are lower, digital literacy and IT identity scores are also lower for society as a whole, impacting both the quality of education and social mobility, while simultaneously reducing the economic competitiveness of the respective state. We can also see that these societies have a more patriarchal approach, negatively impacting the social status of women (although the COVID-19 epidemic negatively impacted social resilience, too) while further harming progress towards the Sustainable Development Goal associated with education. Significant disparities are also identified, particularly affecting rural areas, women, children and marginalised communities. The article futher explores IT identity, revealing that a strong IT identity enhances digital inclusion and empowerment. Article results highlight the necessity of addressing digital inequalities to ensure the equitable distribution of digital benefits and advocating for Internet access as a fundamental right essential to achieving global sustainability and Internet equality.
Open Access: Yes
Cybersecurity and cybercrime: Current trends and threats
Publication Name: Journal of International Studies
Publication Date: 2024-01-01
Volume: 17
Issue: 2
Page Range: 220-239
Description:
The rapid development of digital technologies and their active implementation in all spheres of the economy, on the one hand, contribute to increased control over the activities of economic entities, and on the other hand, create new challenges associated with the dynamic development of cybercrime. The purpose of the article is to analyze the global trends in cybercrime in 2016-2023 (by calculating national levels of cybercrime) and to model the mechanisms of combating it in order to form a global, open and safe cyberspace, protect the population from cyber threats and cyber fraud, increase the effectiveness of financial monitoring procedures and control over transactions in cyberspace. The article presents the dominant directions, evolutionary, temporal and spatial patterns of the development of crime in cyberspace, clustering of the countries,and identification of leaders and outsiders in the field of cybercrime (through visualization density maps based on the construction of self-organized Kohonen maps). The results of the calculations confirm a significant increase in the level of cybercrime in the world since 2016 (in particular, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and active digital transformation). A comparative analysis of the indicator across countries made it possible to distinguish those with the highest rates of cybercrime (Slovenia, Iceland, Moldova, Georgia) and those with a significantly higher level of cyber security (Greece, Belgium, France, Germany).
Open Access: Yes
To the Margin of the Theory of a New Type of Warfare Examining Certain Aspects of Cyber Warfare
Publication Name: Hungarian Yearbook of International Law and European Law
Publication Date: 2019-01-01
Volume: 7
Issue: 1
Page Range: 203-226
Description:
In the second half of the 20th century, humanity went through an unprecedented technical and technological development. As a result, technological innovations emerged in the course of the last third of the century which have now become indispensable parts of everyday life, the whole society and even the state. Among them, we must mention the IT sector, which has effectively enabled global contacts and communication between people and organizations across different parts of the world through various tools, programs and networks. Moreover, it also facilitates and simplifies everyday tasks both in the private and the public sector. Cyberspace is a unique and complex phenomenon, since it can be described with physical and geographical concepts, but in addition, its virtual features also have extraordinary relevance. As a result of its remarkable expansion, fundamental areas such as sociology, geopolitics, security policy or warfare must also be reconsidered. This paper provides an overview of the new types of security challenges for the 21st century, most notably security risks related to the cyberspace. In addition, some aspects of cyber warfare, such as cyber intelligence, cyber attack and cyber defense are examined. Particular attention is given to the question whether a cyber attack in itself can reach the level of an armed attack, and if so, what means can be used by the State under attack in defense.
Open Access: Yes
From Voice to Action: Upholding Children’s Right to Participation in Shaping Policies and Laws for Digital Safety and Well-Being
Publication Name: Societies
Publication Date: 2025-09-01
Volume: 15
Issue: 9
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
While the digital environment offers new opportunities to realise children’s rights, their right to participation remains insufficiently reflected in digital policy frameworks. This study analyses the right of the child to be heard in the academic literature and in the existing international legal and EU regulatory frameworks. It explores how children’s participation right is incorporated into EU and national digital policies and examines how genuine engagement can strengthen children’s digital resilience and support their well-being. By applying the 7C model of coping skills and analysing its interaction with the right to participation, the study highlights how these elements mutually reinforce the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Through a qualitative analysis of key strategic documents and the relevant policy literature, the research identifies the tension between the formal acknowledgment of children’s right to participate and its practical implementation at law- and policy-making levels within the digital context. Although the European Union’s examined strategies emphasise children’s participation, their practical implementation often remains abstract and fragmented at the state level. While the new BIK+ strategy shows a stronger formal emphasis on child participation, this positive development in policy language has not yet translated into a substantive change in children’s influence at the state level. This nuance highlights that despite a positive trend in policy rhetoric, the essential dimension of genuine influence remains underdeveloped.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.3390/soc15090243
Cybersecurity Regulations and Software Resilience: Strengthening Awareness and Societal Stability
Publication Name: Social Sciences
Publication Date: 2025-10-01
Volume: 14
Issue: 10
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
The societal effects of cybersecurity are widely discussed, but it remains less clear how software security regulations specifically contribute to building a resilient society, particularly in relation to Sustainable Development Goals 5 (Gender Equality), 10 (Reduced Inequalities), and 16 (Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions). This study investigates this connection by examining key EU and U.S. strategies through comparative legal analysis, software development (SDLC) case studies, and a normative–sociological lens. Our findings reveal that major regulations—such as the EU’s Cyber Resilience Act and the U.S. SBOM rules—are not merely reactive, but proactively embed resilience as a fundamental mode of operation. This approach structurally reallocates digital risks from users to manufacturers, reframing software security from a matter of compliance to one of social fairness and institutional trust. We conclude that integrating ‘resilience by design’ into technology rules is more than a technical fix; it is a mechanism that makes digital access fairer and better protects vulnerable populations, enabling technology and society to advance cohesively.
Open Access: Yes
Public Trust in National Security Institutions as a Key to Sustainable Security
Publication Name: Connections
Publication Date: 2024-01-01
Volume: 23
Issue: 4
Page Range: 49-62
Description:
Public trust is essential for credible and consistent state security policy, defense operations, and communications. In the twenty-first cen-tury, the social context of security has expanded significantly, necessitating that society acquire credible and up-to-date security knowledge. This arti-cle examines the relationship between the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and national security actors within the rule-of-law frame-work, focusing on how the trust factor influences goal fulfilment. The study uses a normative analysis of sustainable development goals, emphasizing the social pillar and its connections to national security institutions. It high-lights the importance of continuous, trust-based communication between the public and social partners, reflecting transparency and accountability. The integration of sustainability into national security strategies—particu-larly concerning climate change and energy security—is explored through the strategies of NATO member states. The article also discusses the mu-tual reinforcement between social stability, economic stability, and na-tional security, emphasizing that achieving the SDGs enhances national se-curity, and vice versa. This comprehensive approach fosters effective, long-term solutions by integrating the SDGs into the national security frame-work, ultimately promoting social trust and stability.
Open Access: Yes
Control, Responsibility, Censorship: The Institutional Structure of Hungarian Press Regulation During the First World War – Within the Framework of the 1912 Act on Exceptional Powers
Publication Name: Journal on European History of Law
Publication Date: 2025-01-01
Volume: 16
Issue: 2
Page Range: 133-140
Description:
This study explores the institutional structure of press regulation in Hungary during the First World War, with particular emphasis on there construction of jurisdictional and supervisory relationships. Rather than following a unified, hierarchical model, the wartime system operated through a complex, multi-actor network involving ministries, the Board of Military Supervision (HFB), the Press Subcommittee, prosecutorial authorities, military commands, and the Prime Minister’s Press Office. Drawing on archival sources and official reports, the analysis outline show actual control over the press was divided, how political, military, and judicial authorities exercised oversight, and how mechanisms such as the “three-hour censorship,” confidential notices, and objective prohibitions functioned in practice. Particular attention is paid to the fragmented and contingent nature of provincial press oversight, shaped by structural inconsistencies, linguistic limitations, and proximity to the front. Rather than relying on abstract theoretical frameworks, the article reconstructs the internal dynamics of exceptional legal regulation through the lens of everyday practice and applied legal logic.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: DOI not available
The service doctrine: How intelligence mandates shape national cybersecurity ecosystems?
Publication Name: Frontiers in Political Science
Publication Date: 2026-01-01
Volume: 7
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
This study provides a structured comparative analysis of how democratic and authoritarian regimes integrate cybersecurity into their national security architectures, with particular attention to the severely under-researched Central-Eastern European EU member states (Hungary and Slovakia). Using a most-different-systems design, the article contrasts the multi-stakeholder, cooperative model of a major rule-of-law democracy (United States) with the centralized, digital-sovereignty-driven approaches of three major authoritarian powers (China, Russia, Iran) and two smaller EU members. In addition to institutional structures and oversight mechanisms, the analysis explicitly incorporates public trust dynamics as a critical variable of cybersecurity resilience. Findings show that democratic systems generate higher legitimacy but slower operational tempo, whereas authoritarian models achieve rapid capability integration at the expense of societal trust and private-sector autonomy. In the Central-Eastern European cases, the interplay of NIS2 obligations and pronounced centralizing tendencies produces distinctive governance patterns that deviate from both the classic “cooperating cyberfare state” and the “smart total-control” archetypes. The study demonstrates that sustained public trust—fostered through transparent communication, accountable institutions and meaningful societal inclusion—acts as a force multiplier for cybersecurity resilience across all regime types. By filling three identified gaps (small EU member states, cross-regime empirical depth, and public-trust integration), the article advances both the comparative politics of cybersecurity governance and practical policy recommendations for strengthening transatlantic and intra-EU cyber resilience.
Open Access: Yes
Digital Resilience and the “Awareness Gap”: An Empirical Study of Youth Perceptions of Hate Speech Governance on Meta Platforms in Hungary
Publication Name: Journal of Cybersecurity and Privacy
Publication Date: 2026-02-01
Volume: 6
Issue: 1
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Online hate speech poses a growing socio-technological threat that undermines democratic resilience and obstructs progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 16 (SDG 16). This study examines the regulatory and behavioral dimensions of this phenomenon through a combined legal analysis of platform governance and an empirical survey conducted on Meta platforms, based on a sample of young Hungarians (N = 301, aged 14–34). This study focuses on Hungary as a relevant case study of a Central and Eastern European (CEE) state. Countries in this region, due to their shared historical development, face similar societal challenges that are also reflected in the online sphere. The combination of high social media penetration, a highly polarized political discourse, and the tensions between platform governance and EU law (the DSA) makes the Hungarian context particularly suitable for examining digital resilience and the legal awareness of young users. The results reveal a significant “awareness gap”: While a majority of young users can intuitively identify overt hate speech, their formal understanding of platform rules is minimal. Furthermore, their sanctioning preferences often diverge from Meta’s actual policies, indicating a lack of clarity and predictability in platform governance. This gap signals a structural weakness that erodes user trust. The legal analysis highlights the limited enforceability and opacity of content moderation mechanisms, even under the Digital Services Act (DSA) framework. The empirical findings show that current self-regulation models fail to empower users with the necessary knowledge. The contribution of this study is to empirically identify and critically reframe this ‘awareness gap’. Moving beyond a simple knowledge deficit, we argue that the gap is a symptom of a deeper legitimacy crisis in platform governance. It reflects a rational user response—manifesting as digital resignation—to opaque, commercially driven, and unaccountable moderation systems. By integrating legal and behavioral insights with critical platform studies, this paper argues that achieving SDG 16 requires a dual strategy: (1) fundamentally increasing transparency and accountability in content governance to rebuild user trust, and (2) enhancing user-centered digital and legal literacy through a shared responsibility model. Such a strategy must involve both public and private actors in a coordinated, rights-based approach. Ultimately, this study calls for policy frameworks that strengthen democratic resilience not only through better regulation, but by empowering citizens to become active participants—rather than passive subjects—in the governance of online spaces.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.3390/jcp6010003
