The impact of different types of capital flows on China’s economic growth has been widely studied to determine whether the type of capital significantly affects the Chinese economy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between long-term capital flows and economic growth in China, considering factors such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), portfolio equity, portfolio bonds, and external debt. All secondary data were collected from the World Bank database. The paper also investigates which type of capital flow has the most significant relation with the economic growth of China. A quantitative approach was chosen for the study. Moreover, to overcome the bias output of ordinary least squares, this paper deployed a Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS) estimation method. This study has found a relatively stable positive relationship between FDI and growth, where the coefficient of 0.9699 indicates that a 1% increase in FDI is associated with a 0.97% growth in Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Similar to FDI, portfolio equity has a positive impact on GDP growth, with a coefficient of 2.1419. In contrast, portfolio bond and debts have a negative coefficient of –1.7752 and –0.2831. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of China’s development experience, particularly regarding the role of capital flow. The paper explores two key limitations that need to be explored in the future, i.e., the causal relation between each type of long-term capital flow and economic growth, and the impact of COVID-19 on the economic growth relationship.

Educational technology (EduTech) entrepreneurship in Bangladesh is expanding rapidly, yet growth remains uneven across income and urban-rural divides. Using an exploratory multi-case qualitative design, we compare three leading ventures (10 Minute School, Shikho, and Bohubrihi) through 27 semi-structured interviews and four focus groups, analyzed via reflexive thematic analysis with a hybrid codebook, constant comparison, and an audit trail. Two catalysts consistently supported scale: localized, curriculum-aligned content and cloud/artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled delivery that can lower cost-to-serve and guide learning progression. Two barriers constrained inclusive growth: device/data affordability tied to rural connectivity gaps, and governance/finance frictions that slow partnerships, approvals, and investment pipelines. A comparative lens from Malaysia suggests that coordinated policy rails, teacher professional-development pathways, and programmatic/blended finance can crowd in private capital and accelerate school integration. The study contributes to debates on governance and innovation in the education industry by showing why regulation and data governance shape whether digital learning systems translate into equitable outcomes (Xhafaj et al., 2022; Tridalestari & Prasetyo, 2024).