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Criminal Legal Steps to Stop the Irregular Migration in Hungary

Robert Bartko Ferenc Sántha

Publication Name: European Journal of Crime Criminal Law and Criminal Justice

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 32

Issue: 3

Page Range: 197-219

Description:

From 2015, migratory pressures put a heavy burden on EU countries. In 2015, Hungary took a new approach by building a border fence and creating criminal legal rules to protect it. This study aims to assess these measures in the EU sphere. Our research was based on EU (FRONTEX) and national (Prosecutor General’s Office information) data and assessed the Hungarian solution in the light of the migration policy of other Member States located along the main migratory routes. The data show: (1) the criminal law has no substantive effect, and (2) the law enforcement tools are effective. Moreover, the domestic data also show that Hungary is not consistent in its policy and has preferred law enforcement tools to criminal legal tools in the past few years, which violates the basic principles of criminal law: the principle of legality and the principle of ultima ratio.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1163/15718174-BJA10056

Providing Decent, Affordable, and Sustainable Housing: Analysing Environmental Impacts of Family Houses Built with Conventional and Unconventional Building Materials

Zoltán Major Herta Mária Czédli Cecília Szigeti Áron Szennay Róbert Horváth

Publication Name: Environmental Footprints and Eco Design of Products and Processes

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: Part F3205

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 105-126

Description:

The construction industry is considered an activity responsible for both significant CO2 emissions and material flows. Providing affordable, decent, and sustainable habitats is, however, a fundamental human need. Therefore, the chapter aims to analyse the environmental impacts of construction and energy upgrades of detached family dwellings typical in Hungary. For the analysis of environmental impact, the concept of ecological footprint (EF) was used. The main advantages of this method are that (1) results can be compared to the upper limits of sustainability, (2) figures are rather easy to understand for each stakeholder, and (3) the concept may take into consideration all impacts of human activities. The chapter, however, analyses only the EF of material use of constructions. The sample consists of data on five detached family houses, representing the housing in Hungary: (1) a new two-storey family house with a gable roof, (2) a new family house made of timber, and (3) an energy upgrade of a typical family dwelling built between 1950 and 1990, called “Hungarian cube”. The results show that the construction of new detached family dwellings has a significantly higher ecological footprint than renovating an existing one. Using non-conventional construction materials (e.g. timber), however, can decrease the ecological footprint of construction, but useful lifetime should be considered more deeply in this case. Volatile energy prices have highlighted the importance of the energy efficiency of the housing stock. Newly built dwellings have outstanding insulation and, therefore, have nearly zero emission during operation, but they are not the means of affordable housing due to their construction costs, and the construction itself has a significant environmental impact which is not outweighed by the energy savings during the useful lifetime. Therefore, retrofitting and even extension of dwellings can better contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-63057-6_6

Economic Analysis of Electric Vehicle Manufacturers: a Comparative Study

Árpád Tóth András Bege

Publication Name: Chemical Engineering Transactions

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 114

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 937-942

Description:

This study investigates the market dynamics of Tesla and NIO in the electric vehicle (EV) industry, with a focus on NIO's innovative Battery as a Service (BaaS) model and its pricing strategy. While NIO’s competitive pricing attracts buyers, the study reveals that its low vehicle and battery prices negatively impact profitability. The research also identifies NIO's recent market share decline and the challenges posed by its pricing model. From a sustainability perspective, the study highlights the significant freshwater usage in the manufacturing processes of both Tesla and NIO, stressing that this places a strain on local water resources. To contribute meaningfully to emission reduction, the optimization of water recycling and energy efficiency in manufacturing is crucial. The analysis provides insights into NIO's declining market share and offers suggestions for future market participation.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3303/CET24114157

First report of the genus Bostocktrachys Hirschmann, 1979 from India (Acari, Mesostigmata, Uropodina, Trachyuropodidae) with the description of a new species and with note to the ontogeny of the genus

Sergey G. Ermilov Jenő Kontschán

Publication Name: Ecologica Montenegrina

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 78

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 235-242

Description:

The first representatives of the genus Bostocktrachys Hirschmann, 1979 have been discovered in India and are described here as Bostocktrachys wisniewskii sp. nov. based on females, males and nymphs. The new species differs from its congeners on the basis of the shape of grooves on the dorsal shields, dorsal and ventral setae and dorsal and ventral culptural pattern. The second deutonymph and the first protonymph of this genus are presented and discussed.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.37828/em.2024.78.22

Concept of a Novel Energy Management System for Microgrids and Energy Communities

Balázs Vehovszky Zoltán Weltsch Bernadett Rádli-Burján Ferenc Magyar Lóránt Kovács

Publication Name: Chemical Engineering Transactions

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 114

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 919-924

Description:

The green transition of the global energy system presents considerable economic and technological challenges. One of them is the local and temporal difference between available energy sources and energy demand. To overcome this problem, two conceptual solutions can be considered: one is the use of an energy carrier that is suitable for medium- and long-term storage and safe transportation of energy. Carbon-based fuels (or novel alternatives, like hydrogen) or electric energy are the solutions currently used; however, we are facing their environmental or technical limitations. The other one is the synchronisation and intelligent control of sources and consumers, which could significantly decrease the storage and transportation needs. The current article discusses such a solution through a conceptual example. For the conceptual design of an advanced energy management system, the main related system elements shall be defined, and characteristic properties must be assigned to them. Input parameters for the energy management strategy must be given and prioritised. All this information enables the system to calculate and define instantaneous operational optimum. Also, an intelligent control system should take time-dependent processes and parameters into account, which can be deterministic or stochastic. As a result of this study, an energy management system concept that is based on realistic components and use cases is proposed, and its applicability to a local energy community is evaluated.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3303/CET24114154

Analysis and Measurement of Bending Stiffness of Wound String According to Higher Order Frequencies

Mate Antali Péter Szalai

Publication Name: Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 59

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 263-268

Description:

Bass strings of piano are manufactured by winding a wire around a core string. At these strings, the bending stiffness is not negligible. This effect modifies the higher harmonics of the string compared to the harmonic spectrum of the ideal string. This inharmonicity is even more significant in upright pianos. The effect has recently received renewed attention in the literature. In the present paper, the authors present a dynamic measurement for determining the bending stiffness of the piano strings. By using the so-called inharmonicity coefficient, the spectrum of the string is predicted, and the deviation from the ideal string is determined.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3233/ATDE240554

Psychological Characteristics of Young Motocross (MX) Riders Based on Hungarian Championship Races †

Ferenc Ihász Tamás Gyömörei Zsolt Bálint Katona László Kerner Zoltán Alföldi

Publication Name: Engineering Proceedings

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 79

Issue: 1

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

Motocross (MX) requires physical and psychological fitness, so the performance of the individual is crucial to success. The aim of this study is to describe psychological characteristics measured under competitive conditions among successful adolescent MX riders. Methods: Eight young Hungarian MX riders were analyzed using the Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning (IZOF) model. Results: The pleasure component was lower, while tension and stressors were almost always greater after the race than before, regardless of the result achieved. Conclusion: Further research is needed to ensure the outstanding performance of riders combined with high-quality technical training and psychological preparation.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/engproc2024079081

Fuzzy Logic and Push-Out Test Innovations for Fiber-Reinforced Self-compacting Concrete Assessment

Oveys Ghodousian Majid Movahedi Rad Vahid Shafaie Géza Herczeg

Publication Name: Fib Symposium

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 855-862

Description:

This research addresses the deterioration of concrete infrastructures, emphasizing the efficacy of Fiber-Reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete (FRSCC) in repair applications. The study investigates the bond strengths between new and existing concrete layers, employing both experimental and numerical methods to evaluate traditional and innovative testing approaches, including slant shear and push-out tests. Results demonstrate that FRSCC, enhanced with polypropylene fibers, significantly improves structural resilience and mechanical properties. The introduction of fuzzy logic models further refines the prediction of bond strengths, offering a robust framework for future concrete technology advancements.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: DOI not available

Development of High-Speed Railway Network in Europe: A Case Study of Ukraine

Szabolcs Fischer Mykola Kurhan Dmytro Kurhan Oleksii Tiutkin Nelya Hmelevska

Publication Name: Periodica Polytechnica Transportation Engineering

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 52

Issue: 2

Page Range: 151-158

Description:

The current task today is the development of theoretical and methodological approaches, as well as practical recommendations for determining the technical feasibility of creating high-speed railway (HSR) lines in the European context. The development of railways in individual countries, followed by the creation of a pan-European high-speed railway network, has raised questions about the compatibility of the technical systems of individual national HSRs. This paper addresses these issues using the example of Ukraine. The research is based on an analysis of scientific developments related to the design of HSR lines and the synthesis of European experience in identifying priority route directions in Ukraine. For comparing various scenarios for the development of railway connections, the authors have developed a forecasting and efficiency assessment model based on the Net Present Value (NPV) indicator. It has been demonstrated that considering the population attracted to HSR and the volume of transit passenger transportation alone is insufficient to achieve the normative investment payback. This situation can only be rectified by implementing mixed traffic involving high-speed passenger trains and accelerated freight trains. However, mixed traffic of passenger and freight trains on high-speed rail lines may face numerous issues and constraints that require careful planning and coordination.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3311/PPtr.23464