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Found 6289 publications
Evaluating autonomous urban freight solutions for smart and sustainable cities: A single valued neutrosophic multiple triangles scenarios model
Publication Name: Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Publication Date: 2025-12-24
Volume: 162
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
The evaluation of autonomous urban freight logistics (UFL) solutions is crucial due to the increasing need for efficient and sustainable transportation systems in urban areas. Optimizing UFL possibilities becomes essential for developing smart city projects as cities expand and the need for reliable logistical services increases. This study introduces an artificial intelligence (AI)-driven framework for group decision-making in UFL evaluation. It develops single-valued neutrosophic (SVN) Copula-Dombi averaging and geometric operators that act as AI reasoning tools, capable of handling uncertainty, contradiction, and indeterminacy beyond classical models. To improve reliability and agreement among decision-makers, the study also presents a consensus-based SVN Copula-Dombi multiple triangles scenarios (MUTRISS) decision support model. The model is tested on a real case in India. It evaluates drones, electric light commercial vehicles (e-LCVs), autonomous e-LCVs, and droids as UFL solutions. Twelve criteria are used, and their weights are set with an optimization model. Results show drones rank first with a score of 0.6055, followed by droids at 0.6033. The study also checks robustness through comparison and sensitivity tests. The study supports smart city logistics and sustainable urban development by assisting logistics managers and city authorities in selecting appropriate autonomous UFL systems.
Open Access: Yes
Portraits as Trademarks: A Doctrinal and Practical Analysis of EUIPO Case Law on Facial Image Signs
Publication Name: Journal of Intellectual Property Information Technology and E Commerce Law
Publication Date: 2025-12-22
Volume: 16
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: 386-403
Description:
This article examines the increasingly relevant and doctrinally complex question of whether photorealistic human faces can serve as valid and protectable trademarks under European Union law. Drawing on updated empirical data, evolving EUIPO case law, and critical third-party interventions— including the amicus curiae brief submitted by INTA in the Smit case—the study interrogates the normative and institutional limits of trademark distinctiveness when applied to facial images. The research applies to doctrinal legal methodology supported by empirical observations and comparative references, with a focus on European legal sources and procedural developments. It evaluates the registrability, scope of protection, and practical enforceability of facial image trademarks in light of established principles of trademark law, including the requirement of distinctiveness, genuine use, and the limitations arising from personality rights and public interest. Particular emphasis is placed on the conceptual distinction between personal identity and commercial origin, the merger of service and sign in the context of modeling services, and the doctrinal thresholds for enhanced protection based on reputation. The findings indicate that while facial trademarks are gradually gaining acceptance, their registration raises unresolved theoretical and practical challenges that requires careful legal scrutiny and, potentially, legislative clarification to ensure coherence with the foundational objectives of trademark protection.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: DOI not available
FROM PRIVATE REGULATION TO PUBLIC IMPACT: RETHINKING PLATFORM GOVERNANCE THROUGH DIGITAL CONSTITUTIONALISM
Publication Name: Studia Iuridica Cassoviensia
Publication Date: 2025-12-19
Volume: 13
Issue: Special Issue
Page Range: 91-106
Description:
This paper explores the growing regulatory role of very large online platforms (VLOPs) through the lens of digital constitutionalism. It argues that while these platforms operate under private legal frameworks, their governance functions—especially content moderation and algorithmic decision-making—closely resemble public regulatory authority. As platforms increasingly shape the terms of civic participation, public discourse, and access to information, a normative gap has emerged between the private character of their power and its public consequences. The study identifies three core questions: what motivates platform self-regulation, whether platforms exercise public-like functions, and whether digital constitutionalism provides a viable framework for constraining their power. Drawing primarily on a comprehensive literature review, the analysis confirms that platform self-regulation is strategically motivated, that platforms exercise quasi-public authority, and that digital constitutionalism offers a promising—though still evolving—response. The findings suggest that constitutional values such as transparency, due process, and the protection of fundamental rights must increasingly be applied to powerful private actors in the digital environment to uphold rule-of-law standards and democratic legitimacy.
Open Access: Yes
THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON THE EUROPEAN LABOUR MARKET-POLARISATION, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
Publication Name: Studia Iuridica Cassoviensia
Publication Date: 2025-12-19
Volume: 13
Issue: Special Issue
Page Range: 20-35
Description:
The rapid development and diffusion of artificial intelligence (AI) is having a major impact on the European labour market, transforming employment structures, skills, and ways of working. This technological revolution is both a challenge and an opportunity for workers, companies, and policy makers. This research is about to focus on the sectors, the depth, and the ethical use of AI, and will explore the labour law issues of new forms of employment generated by AI (e.g. platform work).Overall, the integration of AI into the labour market presents both opportunities and risks that require initiative-taking policy responses, ongoing research, and collaboration between governments, businesses, and social partners. By addressing the legal, social, and ethical implications of AI-driven work, Europe can harness the benefits of technological advancement while safeguarding workers' rights and promoting a more inclusive labour market.
Open Access: Yes
Modeling Human Lane Following Behavior
Publication Name: IEEE Access
Publication Date: 2025-12-19
Volume: 13
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: 214940-214959
Description:
Vehicles with driver assistance and even autonomous driving capabilities have become widely spread on the roads in the last decades. Replacing human drivers even partially is a complex issue, as these driving systems must be safe and reliable under various conditions. The complexity is increased further by the fact that driving systems must interact with human participants of the traffic: the driver and passengers of the given vehicle as well as drivers in other vehicles or pedestrians. The market trends show that even though more and more driving assistance solutions are available, the vehicle users often refuse to use them as the behavior of these systems feels unnatural. Therefore, manufacturers have initiated the development of personalized driving assistance which motivates research in driver modeling and driving style classification. One of the most controversial assistance function is lane keeping. In our paper, we propose various different model structures that are able to capture the lane offset selection behavior of human drivers. It is shown that a static linear regression model provides reasonable accuracy and robustness in modeling the lane offset. While Gaussian Process models offer more accuracy, their training time is more demanding. It is shown, that a combination of linear and polynomial third-order basis functions offers a good tradeoff to efficiently describe the lane offset selection of human drivers. Our observations are based on studying real driving data from 41 drivers, whose behavior is modeled with the considered model structures. Then, using the corresponding model parameters, drivers are clustered into two driving style groups. Using the collective data of these groups the models are fitted to all data records in the two driver groups. Any new driver can be classified into one of these groups, and the aggregated models can be further personalized to to increase user satisfaction with the lane keeping systems.
Open Access: Yes
Regulation of Autonomous Vehicles in Public International Law from the Aspect of International Transport
Publication Name: International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology
Publication Date: 2025-12-17
Volume: 9
Issue: 1st Future of Vehicles Conf.
Page Range: 60-66
Description:
The issue of autonomous vehicles is one of the most pressing issues of our time that raises important questions regarding the territory of public international law. The development and spread of autonomous vehicles require predictable international regulation, which is extremely necessary in the field of international transport, where several steps have been taken in this direction. The aim of the study is to reveal and evaluate the actual overview of the state of regulation of autonomous vehicles within the field of international transport, paying special attention to the work of United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and the World Forum for Harmonisation of Vehicle Regulations (World Forum). For this purpose, the study analyzes the steps taken so far, presenting the two ways of regulation within these organs: the amendments of the existing rules of international transport and the creation of new documents for autonomous vehicles. With analytical, descriptive and comparative research methods, the study examines the question of whether these regulatory efforts are sufficient and what further steps should be taken to address the issue of autonomous vehicles in a satisfactory manner. The study comes to the conclusion that both the amendments and the new documents created so far have disadvantages, due to which they should be only regarded as starting points and the work should be continued in the direction of a new, precise and binding international treaty or treaties on autonomous vehicles. Based on the results of the study, this solution could contribute to the safety, sustainability and future of autonomous vehicles and international transport.
Open Access: Yes
Effect of Lateral Deviation on Braking Dynamics of Automotive Brake Discs
Publication Name: International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology
Publication Date: 2025-12-17
Volume: 9
Issue: 1st Future of Vehicles Conf.
Page Range: 101-109
Description:
The advancement of the automotive industry and its associated challenges necessitate the application of modern diagnostic methods for fault detection and the prevention of potential failures. The aim of this scientific publication is to investigate the braking behavior of brake discs subjected to varying degrees of lateral deviation, using noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) diagnostic methods. The research aims to support the development and broader adop-tion of advanced, autonomous maintenance procedures. During the experimental program, a seventh-generation electric Volkswagen e-Golf brake disc was tested under both laboratory and real-world proving ground conditions. The results of the analysis show that as the brake disc run-out increased, lateral acceleration values intensified (pulsation was observed); these vibra-tions were clearly perceptible through the steering wheel during testing. Based on the acquired data, the differences in braking dynamics were analysed. Using the applied NVH method, along with the selected measurement points, provided a reliable diagnostic procedure. The findings support preventive maintenance and improved design reliability. Quantitatively, increasing disc run-out from 0.02 mm (OEM) to 0.12 mm (defective aftermarket) raised lateral acceleration peaks at the wheel carrier from within ±1 g to nearly ±3 g and lengthened the average braking distance from 39 m to 41.5 m at 100 km/h (n=3 per disc). These findings indicate a measurable safety impact under otherwise identical conditions.
Open Access: Yes
Comparative Study of BASF Ultrafuse 316L and Markforged 17-4PH Stainless Steel Filaments Processed by Fused Filament Fabrication
Publication Name: International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology
Publication Date: 2025-12-17
Volume: 9
Issue: 1st Future of Vehicles Conf.
Page Range: 77-81
Description:
Metal additive manufacturing is receiving increased attention today, as major industries such as the automotive, aerospace, and medical sectors place a stronger emphasis on it. Among the numerous technologies, fused filament fabrication (FFF) is gaining more focus due to its relatively low equipment cost and ease of application. The production of a solid metal part begins with the extrusion of a metal powder-filled filament, followed by printing, debinding, and heat treatment, through which the final strength is achieved. Among the commercially available filaments, stainless steel–based composites are the most widespread, as they offer good printability, corrosion resistance, and mechanical stability. The two most used materials in this category are BASF Ultrafuse 316L and Markforged 17-4PH alloys. These two materials lend themselves well to comparison, as they are designed for the same manufacturing technology but exhibit different metallurgical behaviors and process requirements, thus providing a comprehensive view of the capabilities and limitations of metal FFF technology. In this study, we aim to demonstrate how these two materials differ in their processing requirements, microstructural evolution, and resulting mechanical performance, and to show what can be achieved when manufacturing metal composites using FFF technology. The main differences between the two filaments are presented in a comparative table to provide a clear and structured overview of their distinct characteristics.
Open Access: Yes
Testing Stress Defects in 3D-printed Metal Parts with an Optical Scanner for Automotive Applications
Publication Name: International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology
Publication Date: 2025-12-17
Volume: 9
Issue: 1st Future of Vehicles Conf.
Page Range: 47-51
Description:
Additive manufacturing is becoming increasingly popular in motorsports and the world of limited edition supercars, as it can be used to produce parts with an excellent strength-to-weight ratio. 3D metal printing is one of the newest and fastest-growing branches of additive manufacturing technologies. One of the biggest challenges of this technology is the formation of residual stresses, especially in the case of direct metal laser sintering (DMLS). These internal stresses often cause deformations and warping, especially when the parts are removed from the base plate. In this study, we examined a twin cantilever geometry using an optical scanner. The optical scanner allows for high-precision examination of the entire surface, so we can evaluate the entire piece based on millions of points rather than just a few points. This allows us to evaluate the test piece more accurately. This also allows us to evaluate areas that cannot be analyzed using traditional point-based testing. We demonstrate the advantages of digital point-based measurement technology, which not only focuses on the accurate measurement of changes, but also compares the differences between the changes in multiple components, providing further evaluation possibilities. The study confirms the advantages of optical measurement technology in complex deformation tests and demonstrates the in-depth analysis possibilities offered by detailed surface scanning.
Open Access: Yes
