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Found 6289 publications
Testing the Setup Parameters of 3D Printed Parts Using a 7-axis Measuring Arm
Publication Name: International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology
Publication Date: 2025-12-17
Volume: 9
Issue: 1st Future of Vehicles Conf.
Page Range: 35-40
Description:
Additive manufacturing, particularly Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), has become a widely adopted technique in prototyping and small-series production. This is primarily due to its high flexibility and cost-effectiveness. However, ensuring dimensional accuracy remains a significant challenge, especially for functional components with tight tolerances. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of two fundamental FDM parameters, layer height and print speed, on geometric accuracy. Nine configurations were tested by combining three-layer heights (0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.3 mm) with three print speeds (40 mm/s, 60 mm/s, 80 mm/s). The test specimens were printed using an Ultimaker S7 printer with PLA Extrafill filament and subsequently remeasured using a 7-axis Hexagon Absolute Arm coordinate measuring arm. Each part was evaluated at seventeen predefined geometric features, resulting in a total of 153 measurement data points. Deviations were analyzed in comparison with the nominal CAD model values. The results indicate that the combination of 0.2 mm layer height and 60 mm/s print speed (L2S2) yielded the smallest deviations and the most consistent accuracy. Undersizing was typically observed for holes located in the XY-plane, while features along the Z-axis exhibited greater variation. The findings highlight the necessity of coordinated parameter optimization to improve dimensional accuracy.
Open Access: Yes
The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Continuously Fibre-Reinforced Standardised Specimens
Publication Name: International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology
Publication Date: 2025-12-17
Volume: 9
Issue: 1st Future of Vehicles Conf.
Page Range: 22-27
Description:
This study investigates the influence of post-printing heat treatments on the mechanical characteristics of 3D-printed specimens strengthened with continuous Kevlar filaments. After their fabrication, the specimens underwent thermal annealing at temperatures of 100 °C and 150 °C for either 1 or 3 hours. To assess the effects of these treatments on mechanical performance, tensile tests and microscopic analyses were performed. The findings indicated that the most significant enhancement was observed in specimens annealed at 150 °C for 1 hour, which resulted in an approximately 20% increase in tensile strength compared to untreated samples. Heat treatments at 100 °C for 1 hour and 3 hours led to moderate improvements of 5–8%, whereas extended treatment at 150 °C for 3 hours resulted in a reduction of about 10% in tensile strength. Microscopy revealed that brief, high-temperature treatment enhanced interlayer bonding and decreased internal stress without harming the structure, while prolonged thermal exposure led to local delamination and compromised fibre–matrix adhesion. These results suggest that controlled post-printing heat treatment can enhance the mechanical properties of continuous fibre-reinforced composites, though excessive heat exposure can lead to degradation. Therefore, careful optimisation of temperature and duration is crucial. The outcomes offer valuable insights for improving the structural performance of additively manufactured continuous fibre-reinforced components.
Open Access: Yes
New Ways of Career Orientation for the Automotive Scope: Future Engineer Program of University of Győr Zalaegerszeg Innovation Park
Publication Name: International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology
Publication Date: 2025-12-17
Volume: 9
Issue: 1st Future of Vehicles Conf.
Page Range: 82-89
Description:
Today’s rapid developments have resulted in a change in students’ attitudes and their attitude to learning. In order to provide effective education, it is necessary for educational institutions to understand these changes in attitudes and to adapt the organisation and methodology of education accordingly. In addition, institutions need to take on new roles in an era of globalisation and rapid technological change in order to contribute to social and economic development. In this respect, teaching methods based on practicality may come to the fore; the use of inductive approaches may be an excellent response to this new challenge. The university preparatory course of the University of Győr - Zalaegerszeg Innovation Park builds on the above. The Future Engineer - ZalaZONE is a 6-week series of special, unique elements; a set of methods aimed at introducing and familiarising secondary school students with research and project-based education and practical skills, while at the same time supporting the university’s engineer career orientation. Since 2023, the course has been organised on six occasions, engaging 100 participants. A further unique and special feature of the programme is the creation of a course covering automotive topics, targeting secondary school students in the Zalaegerszeg Innovation Park environment, especially in a strong connection of R&D activities, industrial services and academic partnership. Briefly, this article brings a new look to the existing literature in the following areas: (I) alig ning inductive, practice-centred approaches (IBL/PBL) with the evolving learning attitudes of Generation Z and Alpha; (II) documenting the design of a university preparatory course embe dded in a science-park ecosystem that integrates R&D infrastructure and academic partnership; and (III) demonstrating a transition from subject-based instruction toward integrated automotive themes that stimulate complex, experience-based learning.
Open Access: Yes
Testing Stress Defects in 3D-printed Metal Parts with an Optical Scanner for Automotive Applications
Publication Name: International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology
Publication Date: 2025-12-17
Volume: 9
Issue: 1st Future of Vehicles Conf.
Page Range: 47-51
Description:
Additive manufacturing is becoming increasingly popular in motorsports and the world of limited edition supercars, as it can be used to produce parts with an excellent strength-to-weight ratio. 3D metal printing is one of the newest and fastest-growing branches of additive manufacturing technologies. One of the biggest challenges of this technology is the formation of residual stresses, especially in the case of direct metal laser sintering (DMLS). These internal stresses often cause deformations and warping, especially when the parts are removed from the base plate. In this study, we examined a twin cantilever geometry using an optical scanner. The optical scanner allows for high-precision examination of the entire surface, so we can evaluate the entire piece based on millions of points rather than just a few points. This allows us to evaluate the test piece more accurately. This also allows us to evaluate areas that cannot be analyzed using traditional point-based testing. We demonstrate the advantages of digital point-based measurement technology, which not only focuses on the accurate measurement of changes, but also compares the differences between the changes in multiple components, providing further evaluation possibilities. The study confirms the advantages of optical measurement technology in complex deformation tests and demonstrates the in-depth analysis possibilities offered by detailed surface scanning.
Open Access: Yes
The Effect of Poor Road Surfaces on Vehicle Suspension Geometry and the Misalignment of Setup Parameters
Publication Name: International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology
Publication Date: 2025-12-17
Volume: 9
Issue: 1st Future of Vehicles Conf.
Page Range: 28-34
Description:
The continuous deterioration of public road surfaces significantly damages vehicle suspension systems, adversely impacting driving safety and controllability. This study aims to experimentally investigate the changes in suspension alignment parameters caused by poor road conditions. Measurements were carried out using a Volkswagen e-Golf test vehicle on road sections of varying surface quality, employing NVH (Noise, Vibration, Harshness) sensors to capture the dynamic forces acting on the suspension and the resulting geometric displacements. The research provides a detailed overview of fundamental suspension alignment concepts, different suspension types and their adjustment capabilities, as well as the measurement equipment and methodologies applied. Based on the collected data, the effects of different road surface qualities on suspension parameters were compared, and the vehicle’s dynamic behaviour was evaluated. The results clearly demonstrate the correlation between surface-induced suspension geometry distortions and changes in driving stability. These findings highlight the importance of regular suspension inspections to maintain vehicle stability and minimize tire wear. Furthermore, the study offers insights that could support the refinement of suspension design guidelines and the development of more effective maintenance strategies. Such improvements could contribute to enhancing road safety, extending vehicle lifespan, and ensuring optimal handling performance under varying road conditions.
Open Access: Yes
Regulation of Autonomous Vehicles in Public International Law from the Aspect of International Transport
Publication Name: International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology
Publication Date: 2025-12-17
Volume: 9
Issue: 1st Future of Vehicles Conf.
Page Range: 60-66
Description:
The issue of autonomous vehicles is one of the most pressing issues of our time that raises important questions regarding the territory of public international law. The development and spread of autonomous vehicles require predictable international regulation, which is extremely necessary in the field of international transport, where several steps have been taken in this direction. The aim of the study is to reveal and evaluate the actual overview of the state of regulation of autonomous vehicles within the field of international transport, paying special attention to the work of United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and the World Forum for Harmonisation of Vehicle Regulations (World Forum). For this purpose, the study analyzes the steps taken so far, presenting the two ways of regulation within these organs: the amendments of the existing rules of international transport and the creation of new documents for autonomous vehicles. With analytical, descriptive and comparative research methods, the study examines the question of whether these regulatory efforts are sufficient and what further steps should be taken to address the issue of autonomous vehicles in a satisfactory manner. The study comes to the conclusion that both the amendments and the new documents created so far have disadvantages, due to which they should be only regarded as starting points and the work should be continued in the direction of a new, precise and binding international treaty or treaties on autonomous vehicles. Based on the results of the study, this solution could contribute to the safety, sustainability and future of autonomous vehicles and international transport.
Open Access: Yes
Comparative Study of BASF Ultrafuse 316L and Markforged 17-4PH Stainless Steel Filaments Processed by Fused Filament Fabrication
Publication Name: International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology
Publication Date: 2025-12-17
Volume: 9
Issue: 1st Future of Vehicles Conf.
Page Range: 77-81
Description:
Metal additive manufacturing is receiving increased attention today, as major industries such as the automotive, aerospace, and medical sectors place a stronger emphasis on it. Among the numerous technologies, fused filament fabrication (FFF) is gaining more focus due to its relatively low equipment cost and ease of application. The production of a solid metal part begins with the extrusion of a metal powder-filled filament, followed by printing, debinding, and heat treatment, through which the final strength is achieved. Among the commercially available filaments, stainless steel–based composites are the most widespread, as they offer good printability, corrosion resistance, and mechanical stability. The two most used materials in this category are BASF Ultrafuse 316L and Markforged 17-4PH alloys. These two materials lend themselves well to comparison, as they are designed for the same manufacturing technology but exhibit different metallurgical behaviors and process requirements, thus providing a comprehensive view of the capabilities and limitations of metal FFF technology. In this study, we aim to demonstrate how these two materials differ in their processing requirements, microstructural evolution, and resulting mechanical performance, and to show what can be achieved when manufacturing metal composites using FFF technology. The main differences between the two filaments are presented in a comparative table to provide a clear and structured overview of their distinct characteristics.
Open Access: Yes
Testing the Setup Parameters of 3D Printed Parts Using a 7-axis Measuring Arm
Publication Name: International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology
Publication Date: 2025-12-17
Volume: 9
Issue: 1st Future of Vehicles Conf.
Page Range: 35-40
Description:
Additive manufacturing, particularly Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), has become a widely adopted technique in prototyping and small-series production. This is primarily due to its high flexibility and cost-effectiveness. However, ensuring dimensional accuracy remains a significant challenge, especially for functional components with tight tolerances. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of two fundamental FDM parameters, layer height and print speed, on geometric accuracy. Nine configurations were tested by combining three-layer heights (0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.3 mm) with three print speeds (40 mm/s, 60 mm/s, 80 mm/s). The test specimens were printed using an Ultimaker S7 printer with PLA Extrafill filament and subsequently remeasured using a 7-axis Hexagon Absolute Arm coordinate measuring arm. Each part was evaluated at seventeen predefined geometric features, resulting in a total of 153 measurement data points. Deviations were analyzed in comparison with the nominal CAD model values. The results indicate that the combination of 0.2 mm layer height and 60 mm/s print speed (L2S2) yielded the smallest deviations and the most consistent accuracy. Undersizing was typically observed for holes located in the XY-plane, while features along the Z-axis exhibited greater variation. The findings highlight the necessity of coordinated parameter optimization to improve dimensional accuracy.
Open Access: Yes
New Ways of Career Orientation for the Automotive Scope: Future Engineer Program of University of Győr Zalaegerszeg Innovation Park
Publication Name: International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology
Publication Date: 2025-12-17
Volume: 9
Issue: 1st Future of Vehicles Conf.
Page Range: 82-89
Description:
Today’s rapid developments have resulted in a change in students’ attitudes and their attitude to learning. In order to provide effective education, it is necessary for educational institutions to understand these changes in attitudes and to adapt the organisation and methodology of education accordingly. In addition, institutions need to take on new roles in an era of globalisation and rapid technological change in order to contribute to social and economic development. In this respect, teaching methods based on practicality may come to the fore; the use of inductive approaches may be an excellent response to this new challenge. The university preparatory course of the University of Győr - Zalaegerszeg Innovation Park builds on the above. The Future Engineer - ZalaZONE is a 6-week series of special, unique elements; a set of methods aimed at introducing and familiarising secondary school students with research and project-based education and practical skills, while at the same time supporting the university’s engineer career orientation. Since 2023, the course has been organised on six occasions, engaging 100 participants. A further unique and special feature of the programme is the creation of a course covering automotive topics, targeting secondary school students in the Zalaegerszeg Innovation Park environment, especially in a strong connection of R&D activities, industrial services and academic partnership. Briefly, this article brings a new look to the existing literature in the following areas: (I) alig ning inductive, practice-centred approaches (IBL/PBL) with the evolving learning attitudes of Generation Z and Alpha; (II) documenting the design of a university preparatory course embe dded in a science-park ecosystem that integrates R&D infrastructure and academic partnership; and (III) demonstrating a transition from subject-based instruction toward integrated automotive themes that stimulate complex, experience-based learning.
Open Access: Yes
