This study examines the impact of cognitive load (CL) on lower limb biomechanics during the take-off preparation phase of the platform serve in tennis players of varying skill levels. Fifteen elite and fifteen amateur tennis players performed platform serves before and after completing a 30-minute Stroop task designed to induce CL. Key biomechanical parameters, including joint range of motion (ROM), joint moments, centre of mass (COM) displacement, and ground reaction force (GRF), were assessed using both kinematic and kinetic analysis. After CL, the biomechanical performance of amateur athletes significantly decreased compared to elite athletes. Specifically, amateur athletes showed a 14.19° lower ankle joint range of motion in the sagittal plane (p < 0.001), a 0.04-meter lower COM displacement in the frontal plane (p = 0.017), and a 0.15 Nm/BW lower knee extension moment (p < 0.001). CL adversely affects the lower limb biomechanics of amateur players more than elite players, with elite players demonstrating greater stability. These findings suggest that elite players have developed more efficient motor control mechanisms through extensive training. Tailored training interventions that account for different skill levels could enhance performance stability and mitigate the risk of injury.

Single-leg landing (SL) imposes substantial mechanical demand on the patellar tendon, with peak patellar tendon force (PPTF) serving as a key metric for characterizing the internal mechanical environment of the tendon. This study integrates 3D modeling with high-resolution in vivo kinematics to quantify the patellar tendon moment arm (PTMA) and the PPTF, examining their biomechanical correlations and neuromuscular features. Minimal sex-related PTMA differences suggest comparable anatomical leverage during knee flexion across both sexes. In both sexes, PPTF was significantly positively correlated with the knee flexion angle at initial contact (IC) and significantly negatively correlated with the knee range of motion (ROM). Muscle network analysis showed lower clustering coefficients in high-frequency versus low-frequency bands. Reduced IC knee flexion and increased ROM attenuate patellar tendon mechanical demand. By incorporating individualized moment-arm analysis, this study provides a biomechanical basis for understanding patellar tendon loading during landing.

Background: Football is one of the most popular sports in the world, and it is also a sport with a high rate of injury. The study aims to investigate the effects of physical and mental mixed fatigue (PMF) on knee biomechanics during sidestep cutting maneuvers in elite male soccer players, thereby assessing the potential mechanisms underlying non-contact knee injuries. Methods: Thirty-six elite male soccer players were recruited (age: 21.61 ± 1.22 years; body mass: 75.16 ± 6.34 kg; height: 175.8 ± 3.53 cm; shoe size: 41–44 EUR). Following a targeted fatigue induction protocol, key lower limb biomechanical data were acquired during anticipated sidestep cutting maneuvers both pre- and post-PMF. Statistical analyses were performed utilizing paired sample t-tests and one-dimensional Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM1d). Results: Following PMF, knee valgus increased at initial contact (P = 0.022). Kinetic analysis, supported by SPM1d, revealed a marked transition from an extensor-dominant to a flexor-dominant pattern in sagittal knee moments (P = 0.007), alongside elevated knee valgus moments (P = 0.039). Neuromuscularly, quadriceps and lateral gastrocnemius activation (iEMG/RMS) significantly decreased, whereas compensatory increases were observed in the hamstrings and medial gastrocnemius (all P < 0.001). Conclusion: While PMF preserved most kinematics, the statistically significant increase in knee valgus, though small in magnitude, suggests an impaired frontal-plane control that may elevate Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) strain. The shift from quadriceps to hamstring dominance reflects a compensatory neuromuscular strategy. These findings emphasize the importance of incorporating cognitive load into injury-prevention programs and monitoring mental fatigue to reduce non-contact knee injury risks.