Gusztáv Fekete
41761338200
Publications - 67
Comparative analysis of daily global solar radiation prediction using deep learning models inputted with stochastic variables
Publication Name: Scientific Reports
Publication Date: 2025-12-01
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Photovoltaic power plant outputs depend on the daily global solar radiation (DGSR). The main issue with DGSR data is its lack of precision. The potential unavailability of DGSR data for several sites can be attributed to the high cost of measuring instruments and the intermittent nature of time series data due to equipment malfunctions. Therefore, DGSR prediction research is crucial nowadays to produce photovoltaic power. Different artificial neural network (ANN) models will give different DGSR predictions with varying levels of accuracy, so it is essential to compare the different ANN model inputs with various sets of meteorological stochastic variables. In this study, radial basis function neural network (RBFNN), long short-term memory neural network (LSTMNN), modular neural network (MNN), and transformer model (TM) are developed to investigate the performances of these algorithms for the DGSR prediction using different combinations of meteorological stochastic variables. These models employ five stochastic variables: wind speed, relative humidity, minimum, maximum, and average temperatures. The mean absolute relative error for the transformer model with input variables as average, maximum, and minimum temperatures is 1.98. ANN models outperform traditional models in predictive accuracy.
Open Access: Yes
Research progress in small-molecule donor-polymer acceptor organic photovoltaic cells
Publication Name: Organic Electronics
Publication Date: 2025-11-01
Volume: 146
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Organic solar cells (OSCs), characterized by their lightweight, flexibility, solution-processability for large-area fabrication, and low cost, exhibit significant complementary advantages to silicon-based photovoltaics, positioning them as a cutting-edge research frontier in clean energy. Among emerging architectures, small-molecule donor/polymer acceptor (SDPA)-based OSCs have attracted considerable attention due to their unique active layer stability, particularly their ability to maintain optimized phase-separated morphology under high-temperature conditions (>85 °C), offering potential to overcome the stability bottleneck in organic photovoltaic industrialization. However, the current record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of SDPA-OSCs remains at 12.1 %, significantly lagging behind mainstream bulk heterojunction systems (PCE >20 %). To advance the efficiency of SDPA-OSCs, extensive efforts have been devoted to optimizing materials, device engineering, and processing techniques. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in SDPA-OSCs from the perspectives of device architecture and active layer processing. Key focus areas include the impact of device structure engineering (conventional vs. inverted configurations) and active layer fabrication strategies (bulk heterojunction solution-coating and layer-by-layer deposition techniques) on charge carrier transport and device performance. By establishing robust “material structure–morphology–device performance” correlations, this work provides critical insights and technical references for developing high-efficiency SDPA-OSCs. Furthermore, future research directions and challenges in material innovation, morphology control, and scalable manufacturing are discussed to guide the advancement of SDPA-based organic photovoltaics.
Open Access: Yes
Comparison of Interlimb Coordination During Soccer Instep Kicking Between Elite and Amateur Players
Publication Name: European Journal of Sport Science
Publication Date: 2025-09-01
Volume: 25
Issue: 9
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
This study investigates how interlimb joint coordination influences foot speed during soccer instep kicking, using continuous relative phase (CRP) as a quantitative method. The sample includes 15 elite and 15 amateur players to examine potential differences in coordination patterns and their impact on performance. Specifically, we focused on the coordination between hip, knee, and ankle joints in the forefoot-back kicking motion. Results indicated that elite players exhibited significantly higher hip-knee CRP in the coronal plane during 62%–81% of movement duration (p = 0.015) and higher knee-ankle CRP in the vertical plane during 78%–100% (p = 0.013). Moreover, elite players had significantly greater hip-knee mean absolute relative phase (MARP) and deviation phase (DP) in the coronal plane (p < 0.001), as well as increased knee-ankle DP (p = 0.04). In the horizontal plane, hip-knee MARP was also greater in the elite players compared to amateurs (p < 0.001). Further analysis revealed a significant negative correlation between hip-knee CRP and foot velocity in the sagittal plane (R = −0.66, p < 0.001), whereas a significant positive correlation was observed between knee-ankle CRP and foot velocity in the horizontal plane (R = 0.56, p = 0.002). These findings suggest that elite players have superior joint coordination, which contributes to a faster foot velocity at the moment of ball impact. Understanding these coordination patterns provides valuable insights into optimizing kicking techniques. The findings of this study suggest that joint coordination may play an important role in enhancing kicking foot speed, which could inform future training approaches aimed at improving soccer performance.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.1002/ejsc.70041
Running-Induced Fatigue Exacerbates Anteromedial ACL Bundle Stress in Females with Genu Valgum: A Biomechanical Comparison with Healthy Controls
Publication Name: Sensors
Publication Date: 2025-08-01
Volume: 25
Issue: 15
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Genu valgum (GV) is a common lower limb deformity that may increase the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. This study used OpenSim musculoskeletal modeling and kinematic analysis to investigate the mechanical responses of the ACL under fatigue in females with GV. Eight females with GV and eight healthy controls completed a running-induced fatigue protocol. Lower limb kinematic and kinetic data were collected and used to simulate stress and strain in the anteromedial ACL (A–ACL) and posterolateral ACL (P–ACL) bundles, as well as peak joint angles and knee joint stiffness. The results showed a significant interaction effect between group and fatigue condition on A–ACL stress. In the GV group, A–ACL stress was significantly higher than in the healthy group both before and after fatigue (p < 0.001) and further increased following fatigue (p < 0.001). In the pre-fatigued state, A–ACL strain was significantly higher during the late stance phase in the GV group (p = 0.036), while P–ACL strain significantly decreased post-fatigue (p = 0.005). Additionally, post-fatigue peak hip extension and knee flexion angles, as well as pre-fatigue knee abduction angles, showed significant differences between groups. Fatigue also led to substantial changes in knee flexion, adduction, abduction, and hip/knee external rotation angles within the GV group. Notably, knee joint stiffness in this group was significantly lower than in controls and decreased further post-fatigue. These findings suggest that the structural characteristics of GV, combined with exercise-induced fatigue, exacerbate A–ACL loading and compromise knee joint stability, indicating a higher risk of ACL injury in fatigued females with GV.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.3390/s25154814
Parametric cushioning lattice insole based on finite element method and machine learning: A preliminary computational analysis
Publication Name: Journal of Biomechanics
Publication Date: 2025-05-01
Volume: 184
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
The cushioning performance of insole has always been a critical consideration in its design. While the development of intelligent methods and the emergence of additive manufacturing (AM) technology have enhanced design freedom and convenience, a standardized approach to guide designers in selecting optimal materials and structures for specific scenarios is still lacking. This study aims to propose a controllable parameterized lattice cushioning insole (PLI) by integrating finite element (FE) and machine learning (ML) methods. The insole performance can be adjusted by modifying the structural parameters (a, b) and the internal strut thickness (t). The findings indicate that PLI, under the optimal parameter combination (a = 2.54, b = 3.56, t = 3.15), can reduce plantar pressure by up to 44.45 %, which may be achieved by increasing the contact between the footwear and the foot. The data-driven PLI optimization design method proposed in this study significantly enhances the cushioning performance of insole structures, simplifies the optimization process for selecting insole structures or materials, and provides a systematic and efficient solution for insole design. Although the initial preparation of material data is time-intensive, the trained model eliminates the need for repeated laboratory gait analysis or plantar pressure measurements, offering a foundational reference for clinical applications in insole structure design.
Open Access: Yes
A hybrid CRITIC-MAIRCA framework for optimal phase change material selection in solar distillation systems
Publication Name: International Journal of Thermofluids
Publication Date: 2025-05-01
Volume: 27
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Phase change materials (PCMs) serve as an efficient thermal energy storage mediums across a range of thermal systems, including solar distillations. The selection of an appropriate PCM candidate is a vital integration aspect that affects solar distillation performance. Therefore, the present research introduces a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework for identifying suitable PCM candidates for application in solar distillation systems. Evaluation indices include eighteen PCM alternatives and seven criteria, which were established from the literature. Criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC) method was used to assign objective weights to the criteria, followed by the MAIRCA (multi-attributive ideal-real comparative analysis) approach to rank PCM alternatives. The proposed MCDM model suggests the suitability of paraffin wax followed by soy wax and beeswax PCMs for solar distillation applications, respectively. The comparative analysis, sensitivity analysis, and Kendall rank correlation effectively validated the rankings, demonstrating a robust positive correlation among the results. This study can serve as a preliminary step for experimental and simulation-based investigations aimed at optimizing the selection of PCM in the early stage, thereby reducing the time and costs associated with further analysis.
Open Access: Yes
Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Impact Force and Impact Duration with Regard to Radiosondes: Is a PUR Foam Shell an Effective Solution?
Publication Name: Applied Mechanics
Publication Date: 2025-03-01
Volume: 6
Issue: 1
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
This study investigates the effect of a polyurethane (PUR) foam layer on impact force, impact duration, and deformation with regard to radiosondes during drop tests. Numerical (Finite Element Method) and experimental approaches were used to model collisions with and without protective PUR layers. The numerical results demonstrated that adding a soft PUR foam layer reduced peak impact force by 10% while it increased impact duration up to 71%. Experimental drop tests confirmed the numerical outcomes as peak impact force difference was 7% between simulations and experiments, while impact duration differed only by 11%. Besides force and duration, impact deformation was also investigated by an FEM model and high-speed camera footage on radiosondes with a PUR foam layer. The FEM model was able to approximate well the deformation magnitude since the numerical deformation was only 2% lower compared to the experimental data. In summary, a reliable and validated FEM model was created. On the one hand, this model allows the analysis of different protective layers around a radiosonde. On the other hand, it can adequately predict the impact behavior of radiosondes by incorporating multiple important factors. In addition, it has been confirmed that incorporating a soft PUR foam layer significantly improves safety by reducing impact force and extending impact duration.
Open Access: Yes
The Influence of Different Heel Heights on Squatting Stability: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis
Publication Name: Applied Sciences Switzerland
Publication Date: 2025-03-01
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
The back squat (BS) is one of the most effective exercises for enhancing lower limb strength, but an unstable squat can increase shear forces in the lower back. Understanding how to assess the squat stability is useful for avoiding potential sports injury. During the BS, the trunk lean and center of pressure (COP) are relevant to squat safety, and these kinematics can be altered by elevating the heel. However, there is no relevant meta-analysis on the impact of different heel heights on squat stability. This study aims to bridge the gap in the literature by conducting a systematic review and network meta-analysis on how heel elevation affects squat stability. By quantifying the influence of different heel heights on key biomechanical parameters, such as the center of pressure deviation and ankle dorsiflexion, the study provides actionable insights for athletes, trainers, and clinicians. Fourteen articles were included, and the majority of these studies demonstrated that elevated heels (EHs) can reduce COP deviation and trunk lean. In addition, 25 mm heels may be the preferred option for squat stability in the AP direction when COP data and network meta-analysis are combined. However, in the ML direction, the capacity to maintain balance is rather questionable; when ankle peak dorsiflexion is combined, 8 mm heels have higher COP deviation values and 5 mm heels have lower COP deviation values. Regarding limitations, reliance on a single bias assessment tool (Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool) might not fully capture methodological variability across non-RCT studies. Future systematic reviews could consider using multiple bias assessment tools for robust assessment.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.3390/app15052471
The Effects of Skill Level on Lower-Limb Injury Risk During the Serve Landing Phase in Male Tennis Players
Publication Name: Applied Sciences Switzerland
Publication Date: 2025-03-01
Volume: 15
Issue: 5
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
The kinematic and kinetic performance of tennis players differs across skill levels, with joint range of motion (ROM), moments, and stiffness being strongly linked to injury risk. Focusing on the biomechanical characteristics of lower-limb joints throughout the landing stage, especially among athletes of different skill levels, aids in understanding the link between injury risk and performance level. This study recruited 15 male campus tennis enthusiasts and 15 male professional tennis players. The kinematic and kinetic differences between amateur and professional players during the landing phase of the tennis serve were analyzed using SPM1D 0.4.11 and SPSS 27.0.1, with independent-sample t-tests applied in both cases. Throughout the tennis serve’s landing stage, the professional group exhibited significantly greater sagittal plane hip-joint stiffness (p < 0.001), horizontal plane moment (59~91%; p = 0.036), and a significantly higher peak moment (p = 0.029) in comparison with the amateur group. For the knee joint, the professional group exhibited significantly larger ROM in flexion–extension (0~82%; p = 0.003); along with greater ROM (0~29%; p = 0.042), moment (12~100%; p < 0.001), peak moment (p < 0.001) in adduction-abduction; and internal–external rotational moments (19~100%; p < 0.001) were markedly higher. The professional group showed significantly higher ankle joint ROM (p < 0.001) and moments (6~74%; p = 0.004) in the sagittal plane, as well as greater horizontal-plane ROM (27~67%; p = 0.041) and peak moments (p < 0.001). Compared with amateur tennis players, professional tennis players exhibit greater ROM, joint moments, and stiffness in specific planes, potentially increasing their risk of injury during the landing phase.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.3390/app15052681
Analysis of wind power generation potential and wind turbine installation economics: A correlation-based approach
Publication Name: Results in Engineering
Publication Date: 2025-03-01
Volume: 25
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Wind energy production is rapidly expanding worldwide, yet studies on wind energy potential in India remain limited. This study evaluates the wind power potential and conducts an economic cost analysis of wind turbine generator installations at varying hub heights (10m to 150 m) across 21 locations in India, representing a novel contribution to the field. The selected locations include 11 sites in Gujarat (Location-1), 10 sites in Tamil Nadu (Location-2), and one site in Ravangla, Sikkim (Location-3). Cubic factors methods are implemented to estimate Weibull parameters. Results reveal that at 150 m hub height, wind power density ranges from 123.17 to 308.86 W/m² in Gujarat, 80.64 to 427.12 W/m² in Tamil Nadu, and 183.24 W/m² in Sikkim. Kaluneerkulam in Tamil Nadu demonstrates excellent wind category potential, with energy costs ranging from $0.0165 to $0.0076 per kWh, decreasing as hub height increases. Sites across all three locations exhibit moderate to steady wind speeds, making them suitable for wind energy exploitation. An economic analysis of nine wind turbine types shows that Tamil Nadu achieves the lowest energy cost variation, followed by Gujarat and Sikkim. This study provides valuable insights for optimizing wind energy utilization in India.
Open Access: Yes
Experimental Analysis on the Hysteresis Phenomenon in the Range of Subsynchronous Frequency as a Function of Oil Temperature with Regard to Turbochargers
Publication Name: Lubricants
Publication Date: 2025-02-01
Volume: 13
Issue: 2
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
This study presents an experimental analysis of a turbocharger with semi-floating ring bearings, focusing on hysteresis in subsynchronous vibrations. Four automotive oils (SAE 0W-20, SAE 0W-30, SAE 5W-30, SAE 5W-40) were tested across six oil inlet temperatures from 20 °C to 120 °C during ramp-up and ramp-down cycles to examine the effects of lubricant viscosity and temperature on rotor dynamics. Hysteresis and bifurcation points were observed at distinct rotational speeds in both directions, with subsynchronous components providing insights into rotor–lubrication interactions. This study applies the concept of hysteresis loop width for turbocharger rotors, highlighting its nonlinear dependence on oil temperature, an unexpected and unexplained phenomenon. Additionally, the results suggest that vibration sensors could provide real-time feedback on oil supply conditions, offering potential enhancements for turbochargers and other rotating machinery.
Open Access: Yes
Bilateral Asymmetries of Plantar Pressure and Foot Balance During Walking, Running, and Turning Gait in Typically Developing Children
Publication Name: Bioengineering
Publication Date: 2025-02-01
Volume: 12
Issue: 2
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Biomechanical asymmetries between children’s left and right feet can affect stability and coordination, especially during dynamic movements. This study aimed to examine plantar pressure distribution, foot balance, and center of pressure (COP) trajectories in children during walking, running, and turning activities to understand how different movements influence these asymmetries. Fifteen children participated in the study, using a FootScan plantar pressure plate to capture detailed pressure and balance data. The parameters, including time-varying forces, COP, and Foot Balance Index (FBI), were analyzed through a one-dimensional Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM1d) package. Results showed that asymmetries in COP and FBI became more pronounced, particularly during the tasks of running and directional turns. Regional plantar pressure analysis also revealed a more significant load on specific foot areas during these dynamic movements, indicating an increased reliance on one foot for stability and control. These findings suggest that early identification of asymmetrical loading patterns may be vital in promoting a balanced gait and preventing potential foot health issues in children. This study contributes to understanding pediatric foot biomechanics and provides insights for developing targeted interventions to support healthy physical development in children.
Open Access: Yes
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF WEAR PROPAGATION IN CASE OF UNCONSTRAINED, SEMI-CONSTRAINED AND HIGH-CONSTRAINED TOTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTIES
Publication Name: Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology
Publication Date: 2025-01-01
Volume: Unknown
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) can be classified as unconstrained (or minimally constrained), semi-constrained and high-constrained. This study aims to investigate how different constraint levels affect volumetric wear by examining cruciate retained (CR) type TKAs with different sizes. The comparison was carried out by means of multibody simulations with identical kinetic and kinematic boundary conditions similar to load controlled knee simulators (ISO 14243–1). Three kinematic variations were examined: the unconstrained condition, the semi-constrained condition and the high-constrained condition. With these conditions, the volumetric wear rate was determined for each TKA configuration. It was concluded that semi-constrained condition, for instance, not permitting the relative rotation between the femoral component and the tibial insert, causes virtually no difference in wear propagation. Moderately elevated wear was observed if TKA motion was high-constrained to the point of only being able to carry out flexion-extension motion, similar to a constrained condylar knee (CCK) design. This study demonstrated that CR type TKAs show negligible wear when the constraint of the TKA is increased, or in other words, the degree of freedom of the TKA is decreased.
Open Access: Yes
Will this be the next step? A systematic review of 3D printing in footwear biomechanics
Publication Name: Footwear Science
Publication Date: 2025-01-01
Volume: 17
Issue: 2
Page Range: 127-142
Description:
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology enables designers to push the limits of their creativity, creating new possibilities for high-performance footwear. With advancements in engineering and a deeper understanding of biomechanics, researchers have designed footwear with complex structures comprising various materials. These materials and structures exhibit diverse physical properties and are used in physical activity, sports rehabilitation and competitive athletics. This article offers a systematic review of the biomechanical responses to advancements in 3D-printed footwear research from the past decade, focusing on three key domains: injury prevention, comfort, and athletic performance. Current research suggests that adjusting material stiffness or incorporating specific design elements in 3D-printed footwear can modulate plantar pressure distribution, which plays a crucial role in injury prevention, while also enhancing comfort. However, a consensus has yet to be reached regarding the impact of such footwear on athletic performance. Owing to the heterogeneity of research methodologies, the effectiveness of these designs may be significantly influenced by the design specifics, materials used, and individual user differences. Further systematic research and long-term clinical trials are crucial to advancing this field.
Open Access: Yes
Influence of bionic footwear on lower limb biomechanics across running experience levels: a controlled laboratory study
Publication Name: Frontiers in Sports and Active Living
Publication Date: 2025-01-01
Volume: 7
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Introduction: While the biomechanics of lower extremity during running and the impact of conventional running shoes on these traits have been extensively investigated, the influence of bionic shoes on runners remains largely, especially those runners with different experience levels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical differences between experienced and novice runners when wearing two distinct types of footwear: bionic shoes and neutral shoes. Methods: Fourteen healthy male heel-strike runners participated and completed the running test wearing two pairs of running shoes respectively. A two-way-repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to determine the effects of participant experience level and shoe type on joint biomechanics. During the stance phase, shoe design primarily influenced the kinematic and dynamic performance of the ankles, knees, and hip joints. Results: When participants wore bionic shoes, there was a significant increase in the range of motion of the ankle and hip joints (p < 0.010), a remarkable increase in knee joint angular velocity (p < 0.010), and a significant decrease in hip joint angular velocity (p < 0.001). Concerning differences in experience levels, experienced runners exhibited significantly higher ankle joint angular velocity (p = 0.005) and knee joint angular velocity (p < 0.010) compared to novice runners, whereas novice runners demonstrated a significantly greater range of knee joint motion than experienced runners (p < 0.050). Conclusion: Our findings preliminarily suggest that experienced runners demonstrate superior performance as well as better stability and motor control of knee joint compared to novice runners who showed smaller knee angular velocity and greater range of motion during running. Furthermore, the increased range of motion of the ankle and hip joints in bionic shoes can activate the relevant muscle groups to a greater extent, which have a certain potential effect on the training performance of runners and the improvement of muscle control ability. While, due to the lack of a certain movement foundation, novice runners may have higher risk of injury.
Open Access: Yes
In Silico Benchmarking of Fatigue Life Estimation Models for Passive SMD Solder Joints Under Thermal Cycling
Publication Name: Applied Mechanics
Publication Date: 2024-12-01
Volume: 5
Issue: 4
Page Range: 877-907
Description:
Related to microelectronics’ reliability, lifetime estimation methods have gained importance, especially for surface-mounted devices. The virtual testing of electronic assemblies necessitates the geometry modeling and finite element analysis of the solder joint. The effect of the simplification of the solder geometry on the predicted lifetime is an open question. Furthermore, there is still not yet straightforward guidance for the choice of the material model and fatigue lifetime model. In this study, the impact of the geometry input method, the material model and the lifetime model choice is investigated on two different surface-mounted capacitors in a simulation-based benchmark analysis under thermal cyclic loading. Four different types of solder geometry modeling approaches are compared, among which one is a physics-based approach. Ten different fatigue models founded on plastic and viscoplastic material models are benchmarked. The results show that the component standoff height and the solder volume have a positive effect on the lifetime, while the capacitor size has a slightly negative effect on the lifetime. The results also suggest that approximate geometries can be used to replace the physics-based model with a restriction for the minimum standoff height.
Open Access: Yes
Performance analysis and modelling of circular jets aeration in an open channel using soft computing techniques
Publication Name: Scientific Reports
Publication Date: 2024-12-01
Volume: 14
Issue: 1
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is an important parameter in assessing water quality. The reduction in DO concentration is the result of eutrophication, which degrades the quality of water. Aeration is the best way to enhance the DO concentration. In the current study, the aeration efficiency (E20 ) of various numbers of circular jets in an open channel was experimentally investigated for different channel angle of inclination (θ), discharge (Q), number of jets (Jn ), Froude number (Fr), and hydraulic radius of each jet (HRJn ). The statistical results show that jets from 8 to 64 significantly provide aeration in the open channel. The aeration efficiency and input parameters are modelled into a linear relationship. Additionally, utilizing WEKA software, three soft computing models for predicting aeration efficiency were created with Artificial Neural Network (ANN), M5P, and Random Forest (RF). Performance evaluation results and box plot have shown that ANN is the outperforming model with correlation coefficient (CC) = 0.9823, mean absolute error (MAE) = 0.0098, and root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.0123 during the testing stage. In order to assess the influence of different input factors on the E20 of jets, a sensitivity analysis was conducted using the most effective model, i.e., ANN. The sensitivity analysis results indicate that the angle of inclination is the most influential input variable in predicting E20 , followed by discharge and the number of jets.
Open Access: Yes
An Integrative Framework for Healthcare Recommendation Systems: Leveraging the Linear Discriminant Wolf–Convolutional Neural Network (LDW-CNN) Model
Publication Name: Diagnostics
Publication Date: 2024-11-01
Volume: 14
Issue: 22
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
In the evolving healthcare landscape, recommender systems have gained significant importance due to their role in predicting and anticipating a wide range of health-related data for both patients and healthcare professionals. These systems are crucial for delivering precise information while adhering to high standards of quality, reliability, and authentication. Objectives: The primary objective of this research is to address the challenge of class imbalance in healthcare recommendation systems. This is achieved by improving the prediction and diagnostic capabilities of these systems through a novel approach that integrates linear discriminant wolf (LDW) with convolutional neural networks (CNNs), forming the LDW-CNN model. Methods: The LDW-CNN model incorporates the grey wolf optimizer with linear discriminant analysis to enhance prediction accuracy. The model’s performance is evaluated using multi-disease datasets, covering heart, liver, and kidney diseases. Established error metrics are used to compare the effectiveness of the LDW-CNN model against conventional methods, such as CNNs and multi-level support vector machines (MSVMs). Results: The proposed LDW-CNN system demonstrates remarkable accuracy, achieving a rate of 98.1%, which surpasses existing deep learning approaches. In addition, the model improves specificity to 99.18% and sensitivity to 99.008%, outperforming traditional CNN and MSVM techniques in terms of predictive performance. Conclusions: The LDW-CNN model emerges as a robust solution for multidisciplinary disease prediction and recommendation, offering superior performance in healthcare recommender systems. Its high accuracy, alongside its improved specificity and sensitivity, positions it as a valuable tool for enhancing prediction and diagnosis across multiple disease domains.
Open Access: Yes
Ulam–Hyers and Generalized Ulam–Hyers Stability of Fractional Differential Equations with Deviating Arguments
Publication Name: Mathematics
Publication Date: 2024-11-01
Volume: 12
Issue: 21
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
In this paper, we study the initial value problem for the fractional differential equation with multiple deviating arguments. By using Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem, the conditions of solvability of the problem are obtained. Furthermore, we establish Ulam–Hyers and generalized Ulam–Hyers stability of the fractional functional differential problem. Finally, two examples are presented to illustrate our results, one is with a pantograph-type equation and the other is numerical.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.3390/math12213418
Endothermic–Exothermic Hybrid Foaming of Recycled PET Blends
Publication Name: Journal of Composites Science
Publication Date: 2024-10-01
Volume: 8
Issue: 10
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Over the past decades, the use of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has seen significant growth, particularly in the packaging industry. However, its long decomposition time poses serious environmental challenges. The aim of this research was to develop a process for the foaming of large quantities of recycled PET (rPET) using endothermic and exothermic foaming agents. Various formulations with different ratios of endothermic and exothermic foaming agents were prepared, as well as their mixtures. The study found that the endothermic–exothermic hybrid foaming process resulted in a finer cell-size distribution and enhanced mechanical properties, making the foams highly suitable for widespread applications. The results support the potential use of exothermic foaming agents as nucleating agents in a hybrid foaming system. In particular, the ratio of 3% endothermic and 1% exothermic foaming agents proved optimal in terms of achieving a balance between porosity and mechanical strength, thereby enabling broad industrial applicability.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.3390/jcs8100383
Oil Sorption Properties of Centrifugally Spun Polyisobutylene-Based Thermoplastic Elastomer Microfibers
Publication Name: Polymers
Publication Date: 2024-09-01
Volume: 16
Issue: 18
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Fiber-based sorbent materials are an essential part of containing oil spills, thus preventing ecological damage. Poly(styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene) thermoplastic elastomer fibers were successfully produced by centrifugal spinning. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the fibers were bead free and smooth-surfaced, with an average fiber diameter of 5.9 ± 2.3 μm. Contact angle measurements proved the highly hydrophobic (water contact angle of 126.8 ± 6.4°) and highly oleophilic nature of the fiber mat. The sorption and retention capacities of the fiber mat were tested for various oils and benchmarked against polypropylene as the industry standard and polystyrene, which is widely used in the literature. The oil uptake of the fiber mat showed a strong correlation with the viscosity of the oil, resulting in sorption capacities of 10.1 ± 0.8 g/g for sunflower oil, 19.9 ± 2.1 g/g for motor oil, and 23.8 ± 1.8 g/g for gear oil. Oil–water separation tests were also conducted, resulting in ~100% oil removal. The thermoplastic elastomer fiber mat outperformed the industry standard; however, the polystyrene fiber mat demonstrated the best oil sorption performance.
Open Access: Yes
Contribution of ankle motion pattern during landing to reduce the knee-related injury risk
Publication Name: Computers in Biology and Medicine
Publication Date: 2024-09-01
Volume: 180
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Background: Single-leg landing (SL) is an essential technique in sports such as basketball, soccer, and volleyball, which is often associated with a high risk of knee-related injury. The ankle motion pattern plays a crucial role in absorbing the load shocks during SL, but the effect on the knee joint is not yet clear. This work aims to explore the effects of different ankle plantarflexion angles during SL on the risk of knee-related injury. Methods: Thirty healthy male subjects were recruited to perform SL biomechanics tests, and one standard subject was selected to develop the finite element model of foot-ankle-knee integration. The joint impact force was used to evaluate the impact loads on the knee at various landing angles. The internal load forces (musculoskeletal modeling) and stress (finite element analysis) around the knee joint were simulated and calculated to evaluate the risk of knee-related injury during SL. To more realistically revert and simulate the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury mechanics, we developed a knee musculoskeletal model that reverts the ACL ligament to a nonlinear short-term viscoelastic mechanical mechanism (strain rate-dependent) generated by the dense connective tissue as a function of strain. Results: As the ankle plantarflexion angle increased during landing, both the peak knee vertical impact force (p = 0.001) and ACL force (p = 0.001) decreased significantly. The maximum von Mises stress of ACL, meniscus, and femoral cartilage decreased as the ankle plantarflexion angle increased. The overall range of variation in ACL stress was small and was mainly distributed in the femoral and tibial attachment regions, as well as in the mid-lateral region. Conclusion: The current findings revealed that the use of larger ankle plantarflexion angles during landing may be an effective solution to reduce knee impact load and the risk of rupture of the medial femoral attachment area in the ACL. The findings of this study have the potential to offer novel perspectives in the optimized application of landing strategies, thus giving crucial theoretical backing for decreasing the risk of knee-related injury.
Open Access: Yes
Examining Shape Dependence on Small Mild Steel Specimens during Heating Processes
Publication Name: Materials
Publication Date: 2024-08-01
Volume: 17
Issue: 16
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
With regard to the heating technology of small test specimens (D < 1 inch, i.e., 25.4 mm), only a limited amount of data and literature are available for making adequate technological decisions. Heating time of small geometric shapes is influenced by the technological parameters of the furnace, the temperature, the disposition technique in the furnace and the geometric characteristics of the workpiece. How to shorten heating time to achieve a suitable material structure is a vital question, while considerable energy is saved at the same time. Among the geometric characteristics, shape dependence is one of the important aspects that must be taken into account in terms of heating technology. Shape dependence is usually taken into account with empirically produced correction factors, which can result in significant oversizing of heating time, energy-wasting technology and material structure of insufficient fineness. In the course of our work, we investigated and compared the shape dependence of cylindrical and prismatic specimens with the same surface-to-volume ratios, which were combined with surface heat transfer analyses and geometric effect tests to formulate new approximate equations for determining heating time. As a result, we could mathematically derive a relationship between heating time, size and shape of the active surfaces, the correlation of which can shorten heating time by 20%. In addition, a shape factor (1.125) between cylinder and prismatic-shaped specimens was determined, which can be used with the new equation to calculate heating time for similar specimens. At last, a relationship is developed between the amount of heat that can be stored in the body during heat equalization and the complexity of the shape, which can be characterized through ratios depending on heating times and active surfaces in the function of total surface/volume ratio. Based on this relationship it can be determined more precisely when heat equalization occurs; therefore, shorter heating time can be achieved. In conclusion, with the help of this new method, optimal heating time for structural steel components, in the case of small cross-section and weight, can be determined.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.3390/ma17163912
Adaptive Adjustments in Lower Limb Muscle Coordination during Single-Leg Landing Tasks in Latin Dancers
Publication Name: Biomimetics
Publication Date: 2024-08-01
Volume: 9
Issue: 8
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Previous research has primarily focused on evaluating the activity of individual muscles in dancers, often neglecting their synergistic interactions. Investigating the differences in lower limb muscle synergy during landing between dancers and healthy controls will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of their neuromuscular control patterns. This study enrolled 22 Latin dancers and 22 healthy participants, who performed a task involving landing from a 30 cm high platform. The data were collected using Vicon systems, force plates, and electromyography (EMG). The processed EMG data were subjected to non-negative matrix factorization (NNMF) for decomposition, followed by classification using K-means clustering algorithm and Pearson correlation coefficients. Three synergies were extracted for both Latin dancers and healthy participants. Synergy 1 showed increased contributions from the tibialis anterior (p < 0.001) and medial gastrocnemius (p = 0.024) in Latin dancers compared to healthy participants. Synergy 3 highlighted significantly greater contributions from the vastus lateralis in healthy participants compared to Latin dancers (p = 0.039). This study demonstrates that Latin dancers exhibit muscle synergies similar to those observed in healthy controls, revealing specific adjustments in the tibialis anterior and medial gastrocnemius muscles among dancers. This research illustrates how dancers optimize control strategies during landing tasks, offering a novel perspective for comprehensively understanding dancers’ neuromuscular control patterns.
Open Access: Yes
Effect of Energy Density on the Mechanical Properties of 1.2709 Maraging Steel Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Publication Name: Materials
Publication Date: 2024-07-01
Volume: 17
Issue: 14
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
The unusual combination of the fundamentally contradictory properties of high tensile strength and high fracture toughness found in maraging steel makes it well suited for safety-critical applications that require high strength-to-weight materials. In certain instances, additive manufacturing (AM) has produced materials that may be desirable for safety-critical applications where impact toughness is a key property, such as structural parts for the aerospace industry or armor plates for military applications. Understanding the influence of process parameters and defect structure on the properties of maraging steel parts produced via laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is a fundamental step towards the broader use of AM technologies for more demanding applications. In this research, the impact energy of V-notched specimens made of 1.2709 maraging steel produced by LPBF was determined via Charpy impact testing. Specimens were produced using different processing parameter sets. By combining the process parameters with the porosity values of the parts, we demonstrate that an almost full prediction of the impact properties can be achieved, paving the way for significantly reducing the expenses of destructive testing.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.3390/ma17143432
Introduction of a Novel Structure for a Light Unmanned Free Balloon’s Payload: A Comprehensive Hybrid Study
Publication Name: Sensors
Publication Date: 2024-05-01
Volume: 24
Issue: 10
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Payloads for light unmanned free balloons must meet several safety requirements such as being able to protect the inner electronics in order to extract scientific data and to reduce the chance of inflicting personal injury in case of an accidental fall. This article proposes a novel payload structure, which exhibits the form of a dodecahedron. The actual form was determined by carrying out theoretical drop tests on different polyhedrons using the finite element method (FEM). From the simulations, it could be deduced that the dodecahedron was the optimal choice, since the duration of the impact was longer, while the impact force was slightly lower. The payload was produced by additive technologies; therefore, after performing tensile tests on probable materials, PLA was selected as the optimal candidate. The theoretical results about the dodecahedron’s ability were validated by laboratory and real-life drop tests, where the new payload was subjected to 56% less impact force under a 78% longer collision time compared to a classic, rectangular cuboid design. Based on these tests, it was demonstrated that the new structure is safer and it is applicable.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.3390/s24103182
Silt erosion and cavitation impact on hydraulic turbines performance: An in-depth analysis and preventative strategies
Publication Name: Heliyon
Publication Date: 2024-04-30
Volume: 10
Issue: 8
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
The primary issues in the Himalayan Rivers are sediment and cavitation degradation of the hydroelectric power turbine components. During the monsoon season, heavy material is transported by streams in hilly areas like the Himalayas through regular rainfalls, glacial and sub-glacial hydrological activity, and other factors. The severe erosion of hydraulic turbines caused by silt abrasion in these areas requires hydropower facilities to be regularly shut down for maintenance, affecting the plant's overall efficiency. This article provides an in-depth examination of the challenges that can lead to cavitation, silt erosion, and a decrease in the efficiency of various hydroelectric turbines, and it demands attention on the design, manufacture, operation, and maintenance of the turbines. This study's main objective is to critically evaluate earlier theoretical, experimental, and numerical evaluation-based studies (on cavitation and silt erosion) that are provided and addressed throughout the study. As a part of this study, various strategies for mitigating the effects of these problems and elongating the time that turbine may be utilized before they must be replaced have been provided.
Open Access: Yes
Influence of Torsional Stiffness in Badminton Footwear on Lower Limb Biomechanics
Publication Name: Journal of Sports Science and Medicine
Publication Date: 2024-03-01
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Page Range: 196-208
Description:
Torsional stiffness of athletic footwear plays a crucial role in pre-venting injury and improving sports performance. Yet, there is a lack of research focused on the biomechanical effect of torsional stiffness in badminton shoes. This study aimed to comprehen-sively investigate the influence of three different levels of torsional stiffness in badminton shoes on biomechanical character-istics, sports performance, and injury risk in badminton players. Fifteen male players, aged 22.8 ± 1.96 years, participated in the study, performing badminton-specific tasks, including forehand clear stroke [left foot (FCL) and right foot (FCR)], 45-degree sidestep cutting (45C), and consecutive vertical jumps (CVJ). The tasks were conducted wearing badminton shoes of torsional stiffness measured with Shore D hardness 50, 60, and 70 (referred to as 50D, 60D, and 70D, respectively). The primary biomechanical parameters included ankle, knee, and MTP joint kinematics, ankle and knee joint moments, peak ground reaction forces, joint range of motion (ROM), and stance time. A one-way repeated measures ANOVA was employed for normally distributed data and Fried-man tests for non-normally distributed data. The 70D shoe exhib-ited the highest ankle dorsiflexion and lowest ankle inversion peak angles during 45C task. The 60D shoe showed significantly lower knee abduction angle and coronal motions compared to the 50D and 70D shoes. Increased torsional stiffness reduced stance time in the FCR task. No significant differences were observed in anterior-posterior and medial-lateral ground reaction forces (GRF). However, the 70D shoe demonstrated higher vertical GRF than the 50D shoe while performing the FCR task, particularly during 70%-75% of stance. Findings from this study revealed the significant role of torsional stiffness in reducing injury risk and optimizing performance during badminton tasks, indicating that shoes with an intermediate level of stiffness (60D) could provide a beneficial balance between flexibility and stability. These findings may provide practical references in guiding future badminton shoe research and development. Further research is nec-essary to explore the long-term effects of altering stiffness, con-sidering factors such as athletic levels and foot morphology, to understand of the influence of torsional stiffness on motion bio-mechanics and injury prevalence in badminton-specific tasks.
Open Access: Yes
A new method applied for explaining the landing patterns: Interpretability analysis of machine learning
Publication Name: Heliyon
Publication Date: 2024-02-29
Volume: 10
Issue: 4
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
As one of many fundamental sports techniques, the landing maneuver is also frequently used in clinical injury screening and diagnosis. However, the landing patterns are different under different constraints, which will cause great difficulties for clinical experts in clinical diagnosis. Machine learning (ML) have been very successful in solving a variety of clinical diagnosis tasks, but they all have the disadvantage of being black boxes and rarely provide and explain useful information about the reasons for making a particular decision. The current work validates the feasibility of applying an explainable ML (XML) model constructed by Layer-wise Relevance Propagation (LRP) for landing pattern recognition in clinical biomechanics. This study collected 560 groups landing data. By incorporating these landing data into the XML model as input signals, the prediction results were interpreted based on the relevance score (RS) derived from LRP. The interpretation obtained from XML was evaluated comprehensively from the statistical perspective based on Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) and Effect Size. The RS has excellent statistical characteristics in the interpretation of landing patterns between classes, and also conforms to the clinical characteristics of landing pattern recognition. The current work highlights the applicability of XML methods that can not only satisfy the traditional decision problem between classes, but also largely solve the lack of transparency in landing pattern recognition. We provide a feasible framework for realizing interpretability of ML decision results in landing analysis, providing a methodological reference and solid foundation for future clinical diagnosis and biomechanical analysis.
Open Access: Yes
Effect of Waist Strap Reinforcement in Backpacks on Children Gait Parameters During Walking and Running: A Randomized Cross-Over Prospective Study
Publication Name: Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering
Publication Date: 2024-01-01
Volume: 59
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: 538-545
Description:
As academic demands increase, school-aged children and adolescents often carry heavy backpacks, impacting their posture and musculoskeletal health. This study examines how backpack carriage affects children's gait, focusing on the influence of waist strap design. In this study, twelve children underwent biomechanical tests while walking and running with and without backpacks, with weights adjusted based on daily habits. It can be found that waist strap-equipped backpacks significantly increased load response (F = 58.031, P < .001) and pre-swing phases (F = 58.031, P < .001) during both activities. In running, these backpacks also prolonged load response (F = 3.10, P = 0.004) and pre-swing phases (F = 3.10, P = 0.004). The study concludes that waist strap-equipped backpacks alter gait dynamics in children, affecting phases and contact times without impacting symmetry. This underscores the importance of waist straps in enhancing stability and reducing fatigue during backpack carriage.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.3233/ATDE240591
The Impact of Shoe Heel-Toe Drop on Plantar Pressure During the Third Trimester of Pregnancy
Publication Name: Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering
Publication Date: 2024-01-01
Volume: 59
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: 509-514
Description:
Pregnancy induces various physiological adaptations to accommodate the growing fetus. Pregnant women commonly experience changes in gait, balance, and center of gravity, which may increase the risk of falls. This study investigates the effects of negative heel shoes on plantar pressure distribution during walking in third-trimester pregnant women. Twelve healthy primigravidas participated, wearing both flat shoes and negative heel shoes while walking. Plantar pressure data were collected using the Pedar-X® insole system. Results revealed that negative heel shoes significantly reduced maximum force in the medial forefoot regions compared to flat shoes, and the force-time integral only significantly decreased in the medial forefoot region. Wearing negative-heeled shoes resulted in an increase in peak force in the hallux region. The study suggests that modifying heel-toe drop in shoes can effectively mitigate plantar pressure during third-trimester pregnancy, reducing the risk of forefoot discomfort and potential injuries. Negative heel shoes could be beneficial for pregnant women, offering a solution to alleviate forefoot pressure and promote foot blood circulation during walking. However, further optimization is needed in the hallux region for negative heel shoes.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.3233/ATDE240587
Biomechanical Analysis of Gymnastics Movements Using Wearable Motion Capture Systems and Linear Sensors: A Case Study of the Kipping Bar Muscle-Up
Publication Name: Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering
Publication Date: 2024-01-01
Volume: 59
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: 523-529
Description:
Gymnastics moves are complex and varied, needing precise technique and body coordination, which traditional biomechanics methods struggle to capture in detail. This study aims to look at and judge how well new motion capture and analysis technology works in gymnastics biomechanics. This study picks the kipping bar muscle up move and uses the IMU-based Xsens system and the GymAware RS unit power test system to finely look at how athletes do the move in terms of body position, power, work done by the body, and main upper limb joint movements. The study tested 8 male elite collegiate gymnasts, collecting movement data with Xsens and power data with GymAware RS unit. Results show the kipping bar muscle up takes 1.42 seconds, with a 1.13-meter shift of the body's center and a peak speed of 3.40m/s. In terms of power, the peak output was 2772.96J/s, showing the need for explosive power and fast strength. Also, the total work done was 889.70J, showing the move's efficiency and energy level. This study shows that new motion capture and analysis tech is effective in capturing complex gymnastics moves. The use of these techs not only expands the ways biomechanics can be studied but also helps in making training better and improving how efficiently moves are done.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.3233/ATDE240589
Biomechanical Characteristics of adolescent Cervical Forward Flexion analyses Based on the Finite Element Method
Publication Name: Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering
Publication Date: 2024-01-01
Volume: 59
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: 479-485
Description:
Adolescents' poor sitting posture is hazardous, and long-term poor sitting posture can lead to elevated incidence of neck pain. This study investigated the biomechanical attributes of the adolescent neck to mitigate the hazards of poor sitting posture and to provide recommendations for adolescent neck health; The C1-T3 images of the cervical region were acquired from the same subject in normal posture as well as in cervical forward flexion posture with a gap between scans of 0.50mm, and the CT images were transformed into DOCM format in Mimics for subsequent 3D modelling. A finite element (FE) model of the C1-T3 normal posture as well as the cervical forward flexion posture was established. In order to investigate the differences between the two models' cervical vertebrae and intervertebral disc stress, the stress and intervertebral disc strain of the two models were compared. A standard cervical spine model and a FE model for cervical forward flexion were created and validated. The range of motion, vertebral body, and intervertebral disc stresses were examined for both models. Comparison with previous literature confirmed the accuracy of the forward flexion model, showing consistent results with the normal cervical spine model. In the forward flexion direction, the model demonstrated increased stresses in the vertebral body, particularly in the anterior side, surpassing those in the normal model. The maximum stress in the vertebral body reached 5.99 MPa, and in the intervertebral disc, it was 1.02 MPa. Overall, stresses in the anterior cervical flexion model exceeded those in the normal model. Poor neck posture leads to more pronounced stress concentration phenomena in the vertebral body, increasing peak pressure in the vertebral body, in addition increasing com-pression on the intervertebral discs, leading to an increased risk of neck pain risk as well as cervical dysplasia, and therefore excessive forward flexion of the cervical spine in adolescents should be avoided.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.3233/ATDE240583
Real-Time IoT Solution to Monitor and Control dMVHR Units in Real-Life Environment
Publication Name: Acta Polytechnica Hungarica
Publication Date: 2024-01-01
Volume: 21
Issue: 6
Page Range: 303-322
Description:
This paper presents an up-and-running control system, using IoT hardware, for multiple decentralized mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (dMVHR) units to enhance the overall performance of heat exchangers and the air quality of a real-life environment. The implemented control and monitoring system is able to measure the thermal efficiency of the complete ventilation system under real working conditions. Fan speed is automated based on the measured CO2eq levels in the bedrooms of the building, however, manual control is also possible. Temperature, relative humidity and CO2eq levels can be monitored live on the user’s smart device, while data can be exported through Google cloud system. Data values can be stored and accessed any time by legit users. The thermal efficiency of the individual units and the whole ventilation system was investigated and experimentally verified under real-life conditions, using the implemented centralized control and monitoring system.
Open Access: Yes
Effects of Different Longitudinal Bending Stiffness Shoes on Distal Joint Kinematics and Muscular Mechanics in Adolescent amateur Runners
Publication Name: Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering
Publication Date: 2024-01-01
Volume: 59
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: 472-478
Description:
Research has indicated that modifying shoes' longitudinal bending stiffness (LBS) could potentially influence running biomechanics and performance among amateur runners. Nevertheless, scant attention has been given to adolescent runners in previous studies, leaving the impact of various LBS shoes on distal joint kinematics and muscular mechanics unclear. Given the distinctive musculoskeletal attributes of adolescents, delving into this matter holds significant importance. Thirteen adolescent amateur runners with rear foot strikes were recruited for the study. Each participant performed running tasks along a 10-meter runway at a speed of 3.3±5% m/s while wearing two types of LBS shoes, randomized for each trial. The specific LBS values of the shoes were 2.7 Nm/rad (low) and 8.6 Nm/rad (high). Lower limb joint biomechanical data were collected using a Vicon motion analysis system and AMTI force platform. Lower limb joint kinematics and muscular mechanics were analyzed using Opensim software. Paired t-tests were employed to identify differences in distal joint kinematics and muscular mechanics during stance phases. We found that there was a significant increase in contact time, while the range of motion (ROM) of the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint in the sagittal plane significantly decreased in the high LBS shoe condition. Additionally, the impulse of flexor digitorum brevis and flexor hallucis longus significantly increased under the high LBS shoe condition. The results show that high LBS shoes impose a greater load on the distal muscles, potentially elevating the risk of running-related injuries. The low LBS shoes are more suitable for adolescent runners.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.3233/ATDE240582
Customized 3D-Printed Insoles for Diabetic Foot Care: Finite Element analysis and Machine Learning Approach
Publication Name: Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering
Publication Date: 2024-01-01
Volume: 59
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: 515-522
Description:
Diabetic foot is a common complication in patients with diabetes, which can lead to plantar ulcers and even necessitate amputation. This study aims to utilize finite element analysis to simulate the offloading effects of 3D-printed insoles with various structures on plantar pressure and to explore the use of machine learning in providing optimal plantar pressure offloading solutions for patients with diabetic foot. The results demonstrated that negative Poisson's ratio structured insoles were more effective in reducing plantar pressure (reducing pressure by an average of 39.2%) than barefoot and conventional structures. This was achieved through a unique lateral contraction deformation, which increased the contact area with the foot. The pressure-reducing effect of insoles may be weight-related, suggesting that heavier patients may require stiffer insoles. However, the machine learning algorithm demonstrated a poor fit (only 60.75%) in the task of recommending suitable insoles. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the significant effect of negative Poisson's ratio structured insoles in reducing plantar pressure in diabetic patients, providing new ideas for diabetic foot protection. With the development of data analysis technology in the future, the feasibility and application of personalised insole design will be more promising.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.3233/ATDE240588
Computational Wear Prediction in Total Knee Replacements as a Function of Replacement Size
Publication Name: Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering
Publication Date: 2024-01-01
Volume: 59
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: 494-500
Description:
Wear is the third most important factor that restricts the longevity of total knee replacements (TKRs). Wear is particularly influenced by load, local kinematics between the contact surfaces and presumably by the geometry of the contact surfaces. This article investigated, by means of multibody models, how wear in total knee replacements is affected by the size of a TKR or by TKR-related geometric parameters during gait motion. As a result, it has been established that wear rate increases linearly as a function of TKR size, while the impact of TKR-related geometric parameters can be described by linear or quadratic functions. One can conclude that the newly introduced dimensionless parameters can provide guidelines to effectively minimize wear in TKRs.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.3233/ATDE240585
Pregnancy-induced gait alterations: meta-regression evidence of spatiotemporal adjustments
Publication Name: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
Publication Date: 2024-01-01
Volume: 12
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
During pregnancy, women undergo significant physiological, hormonal, and biomechanical changes that influence their gait. The forward shift of the center of mass and increased joint loads often result in a “waddling gait,” elevating the risk of falls. While gait changes during pregnancy have been documented, findings across studies remain inconsistent, particularly regarding variations at different pregnancy stages. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify the impact of pregnancy stages on spatiotemporal gait parameters. A comprehensive literature search across six databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, EBSCO, Embase, and Cochrane Library) was conducted to identify studies on pregnancy and gait, and data on publication details, methodology, participant characteristics, gait outcomes, and study limitations were extracted. Out of 4,581 initial records, 21 studies met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis revealed significant changes in gait parameters during pregnancy, with decreases in stride length (effect size = −0.29) and gait speed (effect size = −0.55), and increases in stride width (effect size = 0.45), cycle time (effect size = 0.38), and double support time (effect size = 0.41). Meta-regression analyses indicated that gestational weeks significantly impacted stride length (β = −0.03 [95% CI, −0.055 to −0.002], p < 0.05) and stride width (β = 0.02 [95% CI, 0.003 to 0.039], p < 0.05), while no significant effects were found for cycle time, double support time, or gait speed. In conclusion, pregnancy leads to significant changes in gait patterns, with a notable increase in stride width and a decrease in stride length as gestation progresses, suggesting these adjustments are strategies for maintaining balance and stability in response to physiological changes. The analysis also emphasizes that while gestational age influences gait adaptations, other factors such as pelvic girdle pain, footwear, and psychological influences play crucial roles. Understanding these complex gait changes can inform interventions and guidelines to support mobility and safety for pregnant women throughout their pregnancy.
Open Access: Yes
Experimental Study on Ground Reaction Force Parameters with Regard to Novice and Recreational Runners
Publication Name: Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering
Publication Date: 2024-01-01
Volume: 59
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: 530-537
Description:
The connection between running experience and running-related injuries is still unclear, and the underlying mechanisms are yet to be fully investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate differences in ground reaction forces (GRFs) between novice runners and recreational runners. 15 novice and 15 recreational runners participated in this study. An independent samples T-test was applied using SPSS 25.0 and SPM1D via Matlab. The results showed that recreational runners exhibited a significantly larger peak vertical impact force and peak medial force than the novice group, while the peak propulsive force was smaller than the novice group. The SPM1D results also showed that recreational runners and novice runners exhibited significant differences in medial-lateral force, anterior-posterior force and vertical force. The differences between the groups may reveal differences in running kinetics, which could be related to superior running performance or ability. Valuable insights may be gained from this study to guide future research on injury risks and performance benefits from running.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.3233/ATDE240590
Rethinking running biomechanics: a critical review of ground reaction forces, tibial bone loading, and the role of wearable sensors
Publication Name: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
Publication Date: 2024-01-01
Volume: 12
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
This study presents a comprehensive review of the correlation between tibial acceleration (TA), ground reaction forces (GRF), and tibial bone loading, emphasizing the critical role of wearable sensor technology in accurately measuring these biomechanical forces in the context of running. This systematic review and meta-analysis searched various electronic databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, IEEE Xplore, and ScienceDirect) to identify relevant studies. It critically evaluates existing research on GRF and tibial acceleration (TA) as indicators of running-related injuries, revealing mixed findings. Intriguingly, recent empirical data indicate only a marginal link between GRF, TA, and tibial bone stress, thus challenging the conventional understanding in this field. The study also highlights the limitations of current biomechanical models and methodologies, proposing a paradigm shift towards more holistic and integrated approaches. The study underscores wearable sensors’ potential, enhanced by machine learning, in transforming the monitoring, prevention, and rehabilitation of running-related injuries.
Open Access: Yes
A new method proposed for realizing human gait pattern recognition: Inspirations for the application of sports and clinical gait analysis
Publication Name: Gait and Posture
Publication Date: 2024-01-01
Volume: 107
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: 293-305
Description:
Background: Finding the best subset of gait features among biomechanical variables is considered very important because of its ability to identify relevant sports and clinical gait pattern differences to be explored under specific study conditions. This study proposes a new method of metaheuristic optimization-based selection of optimal gait features, and then investigates how much contribution the selected gait features can achieve in gait pattern recognition. Methods: Firstly, 800 group gait datasets performed feature extraction to initially eliminate redundant variables. Then, the metaheuristic optimization algorithm model was performed to select the optimal gait feature, and four classification algorithm models were used to recognize the selected gait feature. Meanwhile, the accuracy results were compared with two widely used feature selection methods and previous studies to verify the validity of the new method. Finally, the final selected features were used to reconstruct the data waveform to interpret the biomechanical meaning of the gait feature. Results: The new method finalized 10 optimal gait features (6 ankle-related and 4-related knee features) based on the extracted 36 gait features (85 % variable explanation) by feature extraction. The accuracy in gait pattern recognition among the optimal gait features selected by the new method (99.81 % ± 0.53 %) was significantly higher than that of the feature-based sorting of effect size (94.69 % ± 2.68 %), the sequential forward selection (95.59 % ± 2.38 %), and the results of previous study. The interval between reconstructed waveform-high and reconstructed waveform-low curves based on the selected feature was larger during the whole stance phase. Significance: The selected gait feature based on the proposed new method (metaheuristic optimization-based selection) has a great contribution to gait pattern recognition. Sports and clinical gait pattern recognition can benefit from population-based metaheuristic optimization techniques. The metaheuristic optimization algorithms are expected to provide a practical and elegant solution for sports and clinical biomechanical feature selection with better economy and accuracy.
Open Access: Yes
New Insights Optimize Landing Strategies to Reduce Lower Limb Injury Risk
Publication Name: Cyborg and Bionic Systems
Publication Date: 2024-01-01
Volume: 5
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Single-leg landing (SL) is often associated with a high injury risk, especially anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries and lateral ankle sprain. This work investigates the relationship between ankle motion patterns (ankle initial contact angle [AICA] and ankle range of motion [AROM]) and the lower limb injury risk during SL, and proposes an optimized landing strategy that can reduce the injury risk. To more realistically revert and simulate the ACL injury mechanics, we developed a knee musculoskeletal model that reverts the ACL ligament to a nonlinear short-term viscoelastic mechanical mechanism (strain ratedependent) generated by the dense connective tissue as a function of strain. Sixty healthy male subjects were recruited to collect biomechanics data during SL. The correlation analysis was conducted to explore the relationship between AICA, AROM, and peak vertical ground reaction force (PVGRF), joint total energy dissipation (TED), peak ankle knee hip sagittal moment, peak ankle inversion angle (PAIA), and peak ACL force (PAF). AICA exhibits a negative correlation with PVGRF (r = -0.591) and PAF (r = -0.554), and a positive correlation with TED (r = 0.490) and PAIA (r = 0.502). AROM exhibits a positive correlation with TED (r = 0.687) and PAIA (r = 0.600). The results suggested that the appropriate increases in AICA (30° to 40°) and AROM (50° to 70°) may reduce the lower limb injury risk. This study has the potential to offer novel perspectives on the optimized application of landing strategies, thus giving the crucial theoretical basis for decreasing injury risk.
Open Access: Yes
Optimization on physicomechanical and wear properties of wood waste filled poly(lactic acid) biocomposites using integrated entropy-simple additive weighting approach
Publication Name: South African Journal of Chemical Engineering
Publication Date: 2022-07-01
Volume: 41
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: 193-202
Description:
The present research work develops an evaluation method based on the hybrid entropy-simple additive weighting approach to select the best biocomposite material based on several potentially conflicting criteria. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) biocomposites with varying proportions of wood waste (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 by weight) was developed and evaluated for physical, mechanical, and sliding wear properties. The biocomposite containing 10 wt.% wood waste exhibited the lowest density (1.183 g/cm3) and highest modulus properties (tensile modulus = 2.97 GPa; compressive modulus = 3.46 GPa; and flexural modulus = 4.03 GPa). The bare PLA exhibited the highest strength properties (tensile strength = 57.96 MPa; compressive strength = 105.67 MPa; impact strength = 15.25 kJ/m2), whereas flexural strength (100.43 MPa) was the highest for 5 wt.% wood waste filled biocomposite. The wear of PLA decreased with 2.5 wt.% wood waste incorporated and increased with further addition of wood waste. The experimental results revealed a high compositional dependence with no discernible trend. As a result, prioritizing biocomposites' performance to choose the best from various biocomposite alternatives becomes tough. Therefore, a multi-criteria decision-making process based on a hybrid entropy-simple additive weighting approach was applied to find the optimal biocomposite by taking the experimental results as the selection criterion. The results show that the 2.5 wt.% wood waste added PLA biocomposite proved to be the best solution with optimal physical, mechanical, and wear properties. The validation with other decision-making models supports the robustness of the proposed approach in that the 2.5 wt.% wood waste added PLA biocomposite is the most dominating. This study contributes by providing preferences for the selection criteria and assessing the best alternative from the available PLA biocomposites.
Open Access: Yes
Physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of Dalbergia sissoo wood waste-filled poly(lactic acid) composites
Publication Name: Polymer Composites
Publication Date: 2021-09-01
Volume: 42
Issue: 9
Page Range: 4380-4389
Description:
The present work intended to investigate the effect of Dalbergia sissoo wood waste on physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based composites. The composite specimens, containing wood waste (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% by weight) mixed with PLA granules, were prepared by melt compounding. It was found that increased wood waste content resulted in higher modulus, porosity, and water absorption with decreased density, tensile strength, impact strength, and stress at break. Nevertheless, the flexural strength values of the composites were similar to unfilled PLA and they remained almost constant irrespective of the wood waste content. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis revealed that the presence of wood waste content increased the glass transition and cold crystallization temperature of the PLA composites. Moreover, the fractured surfaces of the composites were examined with a scanning electron microscope to study the possible failure mechanisms. The conducted investigations demonstrated that low-cost wood waste-based composites can be used as an environmentally and economically attractive substitute for lightweight applications.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.1002/pc.26155
Utilization of Waste Marble Dust in Poly(Lactic Acid)-Based Biocomposites: Mechanical, Thermal and Wear Properties
Publication Name: Journal of Polymers and the Environment
Publication Date: 2021-09-01
Volume: 29
Issue: 9
Page Range: 2952-2963
Description:
The aim of this present work was to study the applicability of waste marble dust (MD) in poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based composites. Samples containing up to 20 wt% waste MD were prepared via melt blending. The attention was focused on the investigation of mechanical, morphological, thermal properties and the wear resistance of the PLA/MD composites. Regarding the mechanical properties, both the tensile and the flexural modulus improved remarkably, however, a slight loss was observed in strength and deformability. The impact toughness showed an increasing tendency up to 10 wt% MD loading, which was followed by a marginal decrease at higher concentration. With respect to the sliding wear rate, the composite with the highest MD content showed the best wear resistance. According to the DSC measurements, the MD hampered the chain mobility of PLA, thereby reducing the crystalline ratio. Overall, composites with improved properties were developed, while the reuse of waste MD is expected to reduce the production costs as well.
Open Access: Yes
Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of Cassia fistula fungal broth-capped silver nanoparticles
Publication Name: Materials Technology
Publication Date: 2021-01-01
Volume: 36
Issue: 14
Page Range: 883-893
Description:
The growing need for sustainable technologies has attracted considerable interest in the synthesis of ecofriendly materials. This paper reports the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of sustainable silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) fabricated using endophytic fungus extracted from a medicinal plant, Cassia fistula. Fourier transform-infrared and UV-visible were used for AgNPs characterisation. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, atomic force microscope (AFM), transmission electron microscope and dynamic light scattering analysis revealed that the biosynthesised AgNPs were within the size of ~4–54 nm. The synthesised AgNPs displayed considerable antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia bacterial strains. Additionally, synthesised AgNPs showed significant anti-inflammatory potential.
Open Access: Yes
Fabrication of waste bagasse fiber-reinforced epoxy composites: Study of physical, mechanical, and erosion properties
Publication Name: Polymer Composites
Publication Date: 2019-09-01
Volume: 40
Issue: 9
Page Range: 3777-3786
Description:
The aim of the research work is to study the physical, mechanical, and erosive wear properties of sugarcane bagasse fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. The physical (density, void content) and the mechanical (hardness, tensile strength, impact energy, flexural strength) properties of the composites were found to increase with the content of bagasse fiber. For erosive wear analysis, the experiments were carried out with the help of erosion test machine. To minimize the erosive wear rate, Taguchi technique is executed to explore the influence of five control factors including fiber content, impact velocity, impingement, stand-off distance, and erodent size at three levels. Using Taguchi (L27 ) orthogonal array, the optimal combination of control factors, which yielded minimum erosive wear rate, was statistically predicted and experimentally verified. The fiber content and impact velocity were the two most contributing control factors for the minimization of erosive wear rate. The important sequence of the parameters is fiber content > impact velocity > impingement angle > erodent size > stand-off distance. The optimal combination of control factors was obtained at 10 wt% of fiber content, 30 m/s of impact velocity, 30° of impingement angle, 85 mm of stand-off distance, and 250 μm of erodent size. Finally, composites worn surfaces were examined with scanning electron microscope to study the possible erosive wear mechanism. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:3777–3786, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.1002/pc.25239
ANALYTICAL APPROACHES TO DESCRIBE WEAR IN TOTAL KNEE REPLACEMENTS: POTENTIALS AND LIMITATIONS
Publication Name: Iet Conference Proceedings
Publication Date: 2025-01-01
Volume: 2025
Issue: 17
Page Range: 39-43
Description:
Various types of wear mechanisms (three-body wear, delamination, pitting, abrasion, etc.) can occur between the polymer-metal interface of total knee arthroplasties. In most cases, the mechanism of these types of wear has only been experimentally verified and described. It must be noted that analytical description is not yet available for the majority of wear types. An exception among these types is abrasive wear, for which a number of analytical studies have been developed. This kind of wear can be approximated mathematically by the so-called Archard equation. It should be noted that, due to the complex motion of the knee joint, the original Archard equation must be extended by several parameters in order to adequately describe the wear process. Such parameters are the cross shear ratio, the coefficient of friction or the slide-roll ratio. The present study gives a broad overview of the currently available analytical wear models and also provides further suggestions on how to bring these models closer to reality.
Open Access: Yes
Data-driven deep learning for predicting ligament fatigue failure risk mechanisms
Publication Name: International Journal of Mechanical Sciences
Publication Date: 2025-09-01
Volume: 301
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
The pathogenesis of musculoskeletal disorders is closely associated with the cumulative damage and fatigue failure behavior of fibrous connective tissues under long-term repetitive loading. However, significant technological challenges remain in real-time dynamic monitoring of ligament fatigue life, particularly the lack of efficient computational mechanics modeling frameworks and precise assessment tools adaptable to real-world movement scenarios. The multimodal integrated framework for ligament fatigue life assessment was proposed in this study. First, the high-accuracy subject-specific musculoskeletal models were developed based on individualized medical imaging data. A coupled hyperelastic-viscoelastic constitutive model was incorporated to accurately characterize the nonlinear mechanical behavior of ligamentous tissues and their fatigue damage evolution under cyclic loading. Furthermore, by integrating continuum damage mechanics theory, a time-dependent cumulative damage evolution equation was established to systematically quantify the coupling relationship between fatigue failure probability and dynamic mechanical loading. In the data-driven prediction module, an innovative deep-learning model that integrates kinematic-dynamic coupling was developed. By integrating wearable inertial measurement units, the model enables real-time inversion of ligament loading force-fatigue failure states and prediction of fatigue life. This approach effectively overcomes the limitations of traditional mechanical modeling in long-term, multi-scenario dynamic monitoring, achieving high-precision and minimally invasive fatigue life evaluation of ligaments. The proposed computational framework breaks the static-loading constraints of conventional fatigue testing, achieving the dynamic biomechanical analysis and fatigue life prediction under real movement conditions. This work not only provides novel theoretical insights into the mechanisms and modeling of ligament fatigue damage, but also provides a generalizable tool for biomechanical injury prevention, rehabilitation planning, and soft tissue fatigue analysis in the musculoskeletal system.
Open Access: Yes
Foot Progression Angle Modulates Three-Dimensional Lower-Limb Biomechanics in Flexible Flatfoot: Kinematic–Kinetic Patterns and Clinical Implications
Publication Name: Journal of Foot and Ankle Research
Publication Date: 2026-03-01
Volume: 19
Issue: 1
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Introduction: Foot progression angle affects gait and lowerlimb alignment. Altered angles may increase knee and ankle loading and produce tissue loading patterns previously linked to musculoskeletal injury. This study investigates how different foot progression angles modify knee and ankle biomechanics in young adults with flexible flatfoot. Methods: 28 participants (aged 18–35 years) with flexible flatfoot completed gait trials under three foot progression angle conditions. Kinematic and kinetic variables were analyzed using one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping. A 1D convolutional neural network was applied to classify progression angle patterns based on flexible flatfoot severity and gait biomechanics. Results: Decreasing foot progression angle reduced the ankle eversion/inversion range and knee abduction and external rotation (p < 0.05). Increasing foot progression angle lowered early stance ankle plantarflexion and increased knee abduction/external rotation (p < 0.05). Kinetically, a smaller foot progression angle reduced peak ankle plantarflexion moment and knee extension moment but increased the first peak of the knee adduction moment and rotational moment fluctuations (p < 0.05). A larger foot progression angle reduced rotational fluctuations and terminal stance knee extension moment (p < 0.05). The convolutional neural network model was most accurate for moderate flexible flatfoot cases, and ankle coronal and knee transverse biomechanics showed the strongest discriminative power. Conclusion: Modifying the foot progression angle can meaningfully alter knee and ankle loading in young adults with flexible flatfoot. Neutral or mild toe-in angles may help mitigate excessive eversion and rotational stress, suggesting a simple noninvasive adjustment that clinicians can incorporate during gait retraining or orthotic prescription. Because biomechanical responses vary across individuals, FPA modification may be the most effective when tailored to patient-specific gait characteristics. In addition, deep-learning-based gait classification shows promise for supporting personalized monitoring and guiding clinical decision-making during rehabilitation.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.1002/jfa2.70126
Control Deficits and Compensatory Mechanisms in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability During Dual-Task Stair-to-Ground Transition
Publication Name: Bioengineering
Publication Date: 2025-10-01
Volume: 12
Issue: 10
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
(1) Background: Chronic ankle instability (CAI), a common outcome of ankle sprains, involves recurrent sprains, balance deficits, and gait impairments linked to both peripheral and central neuromuscular dysfunction. Dual-task (DT) demands further aggravate postural control, especially during stair descent, a major source of fall-related injuries. Yet the biomechanical mechanisms of stair-to-ground transition in CAI under dual-task conditions remain poorly understood. (2) Methods: Sixty individuals with CAI and age- and sex-matched controls performed stair-to-ground transitions under single- and dual-task conditions. Spatiotemporal gait parameters, center of pressure (COP) metrics, ankle inversion angle, and relative joint work contributions (Ankle%, Knee%, Hip%) were obtained using 3D motion capture, a force plate, and musculoskeletal modeling. Correlation and regression analyses assessed the relationships between ankle contributions, postural stability, and proximal joint compensations. (3) Results: Compared with the controls, the CAI group demonstrated marked control deficits during the single task (ST), characterized by reduced gait speed, increased step width, elevated mediolateral COP root mean square (COP-ml RMS), and abnormal ankle inversion and joint kinematics; these impairments were exacerbated under DT conditions. Individuals with CAI exhibited a significantly reduced ankle plantarflexion moment and energy contribution (Ankle%), accompanied by compensatory increases in knee and hip contributions. Regression analyses indicated that Ankle% significantly predicted COP-ml RMS and gait speed (GS), highlighting the pivotal role of ankle function in maintaining dynamic stability. Furthermore, CAI participants adopted a “posture-first” strategy under DT, with concurrent deterioration in gait and cognitive performance, reflecting strong reliance on attentional resources. (4) Conclusions: CAI involves global control deficits, including distal insufficiency, proximal compensation, and an inefficient energy distribution, which intensify under dual-task conditions. As the ankle is central to lower-limb kinetics, its dysfunction induces widespread instability. Rehabilitation should therefore target coordinated lower-limb training and progressive dual-task integration to improve motor control and dynamic stability.
Open Access: Yes
Musculoskeletal modelling sequentially integrated with stress simulation reveals asymmetrical knee loading and ligament stress during long-distance running
Publication Name: BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation
Publication Date: 2025-12-01
Volume: 17
Issue: 1
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Background: Understanding the internal load characteristics of the knee joint is essential for investigating unilateral knee injuries associated with running. This study examined the differences in the location and magnitude of von Mises stress in the internal structures of bilateral knee joints during the stance phase of gait following 10 km running at submaximal speeds. Methods: A healthy male recreational runner participated in this study. We employed a synergistic approach, integrating subject-specific knee joint angles, reaction forces, and moments derived from musculoskeletal modeling to inform and drive the finite element (FE) modeling of running. This methodology ensured a detailed and accurate representation of knee joint mechanics. The peak stresses of the bilateral knee menisci, tibial cartilage, and five main ligaments were quantified using a FE model during the stance phase. Results: The meniscus, tibial cartilage, anterior (ACL), posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial (MCL), lateral collateral ligament (LCL) and experienced larger loads in the non-dominant limb across most phases of stance. Additionally, fatigue elevated the peak loading on the non-dominant limb’s ACL, PCL, and LCL during the gait stance phase but diminished the load on these ligaments in the dominant knee joint. For Patellar ligament (PL), the non-dominant side showed maximal stress at initial contact, while the dominant side dominated during the remaining stance phases. Conclusions: This proof-of-concept substantially enhances our understanding of the impact of running-induced fatigue on bilateral knee loading. It provides a detailed analysis of factors leading to unilateral knee overload during extended running. These insights are essential in formulating targeted strategies to reduce injury risks.
Open Access: Yes
Advances and future directions of foetal finite element modelling in childbirth: from biomechanical interactions to clinical implications
Publication Name: International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology
Publication Date: 2025-01-01
Volume: 49
Issue: 2
Page Range: 139-168
Description:
This review aims to summarise the applications of finite element modelling used in labour mechanics and explore their clinical relevance in optimising labour management and intervention strategies. A systematic literature search was performed in accordance with the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines across the PubMed, IEEE Xplore, Web of Science and Elsevier ScienceDirect databases. Selected 13 studies were evaluated based on the methodological quality assessment of single-subject finite element analysis (MQSSFE). The review highlights the widespread use of whole-body foetal finite element models in childbirth simulations. Key factors in childbirth biomechanics include uterine contraction intensity, abdominal muscle forces, pelvic floor function, foetal head flexion, tissue properties, and descent trajectory. Finite element modelling offers key insights but faces challenges in accuracy, personalised anatomy, and clinical application. Advances in computational biomechanics, imaging validation, and patient-specific simulations will improve childbirth understanding, risk assessment and labour management.
Open Access: Yes
Waste-Derived Composite Selection for Sustainable Automotive Brake Friction Materials Using Novel MEREC-RAM Decision Framework
Publication Name: Lubricants
Publication Date: 2025-12-01
Volume: 13
Issue: 12
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
This study aims to identify the most suitable slag waste-filled polymer composite for automotive braking applications. It employs a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model that integrates the “method based on the removal effects of criteria” (MEREC) and the “root assessment method” (RAM) method. Eight slag waste-filled polymer composites, evaluated using seven performance-defining criteria, were considered in the MCDM analysis. The performance evaluation criteria included the friction coefficient, wear, friction fluctuations, friction stability, fade-recovery aspects, and rise in disk temperature. The criteria were weighted through the MEREC approach, which identified fade% (0.2890) and wear (0.2829) as the most important attributes in the assessment. The RAM was employed to rank the alternatives and suggested that the composite alternative with 60 wt.% slag waste and 5 wt.% coir fiber proved to be the best composition for automotive braking applications. The results were validated using nine MCDM models and Spearman correlation coefficients, which showed that the ranking of alternatives was consistent and stable even when the normalization steps of MEREC were swapped. Statistical validation demonstrated a strong predictive accuracy (p < 0.05) with a strong correlation coefficient (>0.8) alongside a minimal mean absolute error. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis was performed by examining several weight situations to determine whether the priority weights influenced the ranking of the composite alternatives. The findings from both the correlation and sensitivity analyses confirm the proposed hybrid MEREC-RAM model’s consistency and effectiveness.
Open Access: Yes
Aerodynamic Design and Simulation of a Racing Car with Regard to the Front Wing †
Publication Name: Engineering Proceedings
Publication Date: 2025-10-01
Volume: 113
Issue: 1
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
One of the key elements in the aerodynamic balance of a race car is the front wing, which is responsible for generating downforce to enhance grip. This article aims to investigate the change in downforce on a Formula Student racecar with a newly mounted front wing and aerodynamic elements at different angles of attack by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). In addition, the effect of the front wing on the position of the center of pressure was also investigated, which highly influences the steering stability of the car. The study proved that by applying the front wing, together with additional aerodynamic elements, the downforce increases by 38%, while the center of pressure moves closer to the front axes by approximately 30% (compared to when there is no wing on the car), which results in an understeered but stable controllability.
Open Access: Yes
Reduction in Energy Demand and Environmental Impact in Office Buildings by Natural Ventilation: A Case Study †
Publication Name: Engineering Proceedings
Publication Date: 2025-01-01
Volume: 113
Issue: 1
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Sustainable building heat recovery ventilation is a key factor in modern structural design and production, which can be achieved by the combination of cutting-edge, energy-economical technologies, such as counter flow flat-plats, heat pipes and simple design arrangements like a light well. To achieve low energy use and good indoor air quality, natural ventilation should be applied as often as possible. In this article, an energy simulation study is presented, which is focused on an in-built natural ventilation system of an existing vacant office building. It has been demonstrated that a substantial amount of energy can be saved by utilizing natural ventilation in a building, while it was also proven that obsolete buildings can be energy-efficiently operated, without the need for demolition, if they are cautiously re-designed.
Open Access: Yes
Biomechanical effects of maximal footwear on running: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Publication Name: Footwear Science
Publication Date: 2026-01-01
Volume: 18
Issue: 1
Page Range: 83-98
Description:
Running is widely recognised for its substantial health benefits; however, it is frequently associated with lower limb injuries caused by repetitive impact forces. To mitigate such injuries, maximal footwear has been developed; nevertheless, evidence comparing its biomechanical effects with those of other footwear types remains inconclusive. A Bayesian network meta-analysis of 14 studies (222 participants) was conducted, based on systematic searches of PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Embase (from inception to 12 November 2024). Multiple biomechanical parameters were evaluated, including vertical average loading rate, vertical instantaneous loading rate, impact peak, active peak and ankle peak eversion. The results revealed a complex and sometimes contradictory biomechanical profile for maximal footwear. Specifically, maximal footwear resulted in a significantly higher impact peak compared to both conventional and minimal footwear. In contrast, for the vertical average loading rate, it performed significantly better than minimal footwear but showed no significant difference compared to conventional footwear. For other impact metrics, no significant differences were observed. Notably, maximal footwear was associated with a significantly lower ankle peak eversion compared to minimal footwear, suggesting a potential for greater control of ankle motion.
Open Access: Yes
Efficient Layer-by-Layer Processed Small-Molecule Donor/Polymer Acceptor Solar Cells: Morphology-Dependent Charge-Transfer Mechanisms
Publication Name: ACS Photonics
Publication Date: 2026-01-21
Volume: 13
Issue: 2
Page Range: 424-432
Description:
Small-molecule donor:polymer acceptor (SMD:PA) organic solar cells have garnered attention due to their excellent active layer stability, yet their efficiency remains significantly lower than other OSC types. This study addresses the challenge of morphology control in SMD:PA systems via a layer-by-layer (LBL) process to optimize the donor–acceptor interpenetrating network. Using small-molecule donor B1 and polymer acceptor PY-IT with chloroform as a universal solvent, we systematically investigated the impact of LBL processing on the active layer morphology and device performance. The inverted LBL device (ITO/ZnO/PY-IT/B1/MoO3 /Ag) achieved a power conversion efficiency of 8.6%, significantly outperforming the bulk heterojunction devices (inverted 2.91% and normal 6.11%) and previously reported LBL SMD:PA cells (1.12%). Static and femtosecond transient absorption spectra, time-resolved photoluminescence, and grazing incidence X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that the LBL and nonorthogonal solvent strategy facilitated effective B1 infiltration into the PY-IT layer, forming an optimized active layer with refined phase separation and improved donor/acceptor interfaces, thus resulting in enhanced exciton dissociation and charge transport while reducing recombination losses. This work validates the feasibility of LBL processing for high-efficiency SMD:PA OSCs, offering a novel strategy to overcome the efficiency limitations of this class of OSCs.
Open Access: Yes
The impact of cognitive load on lower limb biomechanics during the take-off phase before service in tennis players of different levels
Publication Name: Journal of Sports Sciences
Publication Date: 2026-01-01
Volume: 44
Issue: 7
Page Range: 896-906
Description:
This study examines the impact of cognitive load (CL) on lower limb biomechanics during the take-off preparation phase of the platform serve in tennis players of varying skill levels. Fifteen elite and fifteen amateur tennis players performed platform serves before and after completing a 30-minute Stroop task designed to induce CL. Key biomechanical parameters, including joint range of motion (ROM), joint moments, centre of mass (COM) displacement, and ground reaction force (GRF), were assessed using both kinematic and kinetic analysis. After CL, the biomechanical performance of amateur athletes significantly decreased compared to elite athletes. Specifically, amateur athletes showed a 14.19° lower ankle joint range of motion in the sagittal plane (p < 0.001), a 0.04-meter lower COM displacement in the frontal plane (p = 0.017), and a 0.15 Nm/BW lower knee extension moment (p < 0.001). CL adversely affects the lower limb biomechanics of amateur players more than elite players, with elite players demonstrating greater stability. These findings suggest that elite players have developed more efficient motor control mechanisms through extensive training. Tailored training interventions that account for different skill levels could enhance performance stability and mitigate the risk of injury.
Open Access: Yes
Recent advances in MPPT techniques for photovoltaic systems: A review of classical (P&O, IC), intelligent (ANN), optimization (PSO) and hybrid (ANN-PSO) methods
Publication Name: Results in Engineering
Publication Date: 2026-03-01
Volume: 29
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
As global energy consumption rises and fossil fuel resources continue to diminish, the use of effective renewable energy technologies becomes increasingly critical. This comprehensive analysis examines maximum power point tracking (MPPT) approaches for solar photovoltaic (PV) installations, evaluating both classical methods, such as perturb and observe and incremental conductance, alongside advanced intelligent approaches, including artificial neural networks (ANNs). The study also explores optimization-based approaches such as particle swarm optimization (PSO) and combined frameworks that integrate ANN with PSO, assessing their effectiveness across different solar irradiance and temperature scenarios. Classical MPPT approaches are known for their ease of implementation; however, they are reported to demonstrate limitations, including slow response times and steady-state oscillations during rapid changes in environmental conditions. In contrast, artificial intelligence and swarm intelligence methodologies show enhanced flexibility, precision, and stable performance across various irradiance conditions. The integration of intelligent algorithms with optimization techniques results in accelerated convergence rates, improved tracking precision, and enhanced stability, consistently maintaining efficiency levels exceeding 99 % while minimizing oscillations. Recent developments in MPPT technology underscore the exceptional adaptability and energy harvesting potential of hybrid methodologies, emphasizing their crucial role in optimizing PV system performance and supporting sustainable power generation.
Open Access: Yes
Wear Behavior of Total Knee Arthroplasties as a Function of Size and Main Dimensions
Publication Name: Journal of Tribology
Publication Date: 2026-05-01
Volume: 148
Issue: 5
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
A scientific disparity exists on the question of how total knee arthroplasty (TKA) size and the main dimensions of a TKA affect wear on the tibial insert. Although some results have been presented about the existence of such a relationship, a closed-form mathematical description or approximate solution has not yet been delivered. This paper provides a numerical description of the influence of TKA size and TKA-related dimensionless parameters on tibial tray wear by means of multibody dynamics simulations (MBD) involving six commercially available, cruciate retained (CR) TKAs. Boundary- and initial conditions for the multibody dynamics simulations were set according to ISO 14243-1-2009 standards to facilitate comparison with experimental data found in the relevant literature. Results showed that all the investigated parameters have a critical level of impact on wear, and they can be predominantly approximated by linear functions. The specific TKA depth ratio (R2 = 0.89) has the strongest effect by having the highest positive slope (40.27). This parameter is followed by the specific TKA volume ratio (R2 = 0.77) with a relatively high positive slope (18.77). The third parameter in the rank is TKA size (R2 = 0.99), where the effect on wear, based on its slope (1.59), is considerably lower. The specific TKA width ratio (R2 = 0.91) was ranked as the fourth parameter, since, as a quadratic function, it has a peak, which also limits its maximum effect on wear. Therefore, this parameter was evaluated as the one with the least effect. These findings, together with the introduced dimensionless parameters, serve as practical design ratios, highlighting alternatives on how to enhance TKA wear performance and ensure minimal wear by optimal sizing.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.1115/1.4070693
Foot Progression Angle Modulates Knee Loading During Walking in Individuals with Flexible Flatfoot
Publication Name: Annals of Biomedical Engineering
Publication Date: 2026-01-01
Volume: Unknown
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Purpose: This study evaluated tibiofemoral loading and medial meniscal stress distribution in individuals with flexible flatfoot (FFF) during walking under different foot progression angle (FPA) conditions. Methods: This study analyzed the gait of 28 FFF patients (16 males, 12 females) under three FPA conditions (neutral, toe-in, toe-out). Kinematic (Vicon) and kinetic (Kistler) data were used to estimate tibiofemoral forces in OpenSim. Subsequently, joint angles and muscle forces at peak tibiofemoral forces were used to drive a finite element (FE) model of the knee, enabling the comparison of meniscal von Mises stress, maximum shear stress, and contact pressure across FPA conditions. Results: Tibiofemoral force increased during early stance (9–11%) in the toe-in condition with this increase reaching statistical significance in males (p = 0.008, mean partial η2=0.70 within the SPM-identified cluster). FE analysis showed that peak stresses and contact pressure were primarily localized in the anterior region of the medial meniscus. A consistent directional response to FPA was observed with the lowest peak values occurring in the toe-in condition and the highest values in the toe-out condition. Conclusion: Adjusting FPA modulates intra-articular knee loading via the kinetic chain. For FFF patients, neutral FPA provides stable loading. The toe-in condition presents a complex mechanism: despite increasing tibiofemoral force (notably in males), it reduces peak stress by altering contact mechanics and stress distribution. Therefore, FFF gait interventions must be individualized based on factors like foot morphology, sex, and functional goals.
Open Access: Yes
Effects of Loading Positions on Lower Limb Biomechanics During Lunge Squat in Men with Different Training Experience
Publication Name: Physical Activity and Health
Publication Date: 2025-01-01
Volume: 9
Issue: 1
Page Range: 198-213
Description:
Background: The lunge exercise is commonly adopted in public fitness programs. However, inadequate training experience and knowledge may result in improper actions, resulting in lowering training efficacy and possibly causing exercise-related diseases. Methods: Twenty-four male fitness trainees (12 novices and 12 experienced seniors) were recruited. Kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activation were measured during forward and backward lunges with different loading positions. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA and one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping (SPM1D) were employed to explore various between training experience across different loading positions and lunge directions. Results: Hip, knee, and ankle ROM and angle peaks were significantly greater in novices than in seniors (P < 0.001). During forward lunges, dumbbells reduced hip moments and stiffness in novices (P < 0.001), while barbells increased ankle moments in seniors (P = 0.022). In the backward lunges, novices showed increased negative power and significant joint instability with dumbbells. Conclusions: Training experience is the significant influence during male lunge exercises. Novices show more stability when using dumbbells instead of barbells for forward lunges. Novices are less stable during backward lunges than more experienced seniors. Overall, novices get a greater benefit of training with dumbbells, while seniors are less likely to hurt their knees and ankles when they use barbells.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.5334/PAAH.489
Optimizing landing mechanics to modulate patellar tendon loading: An individualized moment arm analysis
Publication Name: Iscience
Publication Date: 2026-05-15
Volume: 29
Issue: 5
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Single-leg landing (SL) imposes substantial mechanical demand on the patellar tendon, with peak patellar tendon force (PPTF) serving as a key metric for characterizing the internal mechanical environment of the tendon. This study integrates 3D modeling with high-resolution in vivo kinematics to quantify the patellar tendon moment arm (PTMA) and the PPTF, examining their biomechanical correlations and neuromuscular features. Minimal sex-related PTMA differences suggest comparable anatomical leverage during knee flexion across both sexes. In both sexes, PPTF was significantly positively correlated with the knee flexion angle at initial contact (IC) and significantly negatively correlated with the knee range of motion (ROM). Muscle network analysis showed lower clustering coefficients in high-frequency versus low-frequency bands. Reduced IC knee flexion and increased ROM attenuate patellar tendon mechanical demand. By incorporating individualized moment-arm analysis, this study provides a biomechanical basis for understanding patellar tendon loading during landing.
Open Access: Yes
The effect of mixed fatigue on knee biomechanics and muscle activation during sidestep cutting in elite soccer players
Publication Name: BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation
Publication Date: 2026-12-01
Volume: 18
Issue: 1
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Background: Football is one of the most popular sports in the world, and it is also a sport with a high rate of injury. The study aims to investigate the effects of physical and mental mixed fatigue (PMF) on knee biomechanics during sidestep cutting maneuvers in elite male soccer players, thereby assessing the potential mechanisms underlying non-contact knee injuries. Methods: Thirty-six elite male soccer players were recruited (age: 21.61 ± 1.22 years; body mass: 75.16 ± 6.34 kg; height: 175.8 ± 3.53 cm; shoe size: 41–44 EUR). Following a targeted fatigue induction protocol, key lower limb biomechanical data were acquired during anticipated sidestep cutting maneuvers both pre- and post-PMF. Statistical analyses were performed utilizing paired sample t-tests and one-dimensional Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM1d). Results: Following PMF, knee valgus increased at initial contact (P = 0.022). Kinetic analysis, supported by SPM1d, revealed a marked transition from an extensor-dominant to a flexor-dominant pattern in sagittal knee moments (P = 0.007), alongside elevated knee valgus moments (P = 0.039). Neuromuscularly, quadriceps and lateral gastrocnemius activation (iEMG/RMS) significantly decreased, whereas compensatory increases were observed in the hamstrings and medial gastrocnemius (all P < 0.001). Conclusion: While PMF preserved most kinematics, the statistically significant increase in knee valgus, though small in magnitude, suggests an impaired frontal-plane control that may elevate Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) strain. The shift from quadriceps to hamstring dominance reflects a compensatory neuromuscular strategy. These findings emphasize the importance of incorporating cognitive load into injury-prevention programs and monitoring mental fatigue to reduce non-contact knee injury risks.
Open Access: Yes
AI-powered biomechanical modeling for ACL-reconstructed knees: predicting knee joint contact forces via computer vision and deep learning
Publication Name: Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation
Publication Date: 2026-12-01
Volume: 23
Issue: 1
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Background: Patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) are at high risk of osteoarthritis or secondary injuries, with abnormal knee contact forces (KCFs) identified as a key factor in joint degeneration. Traditional KCF assessment relies on expensive lab systems while advances in computer vision and AI now enable low-cost alternatives. However, currently available methods oversimplify knee mechanics and neglect compensatory movements, highlighting the urgent need for intelligent, real-time monitoring tools for personalized rehabilitation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and validate an integrated, non-invasive framework for accurate KCFs prediction in ACLR patients during daily activities. We hypothesized that combining enhanced musculoskeletal modeling with a deep learning architecture incorporating spatiotemporal attention would improve the prediction accuracy across multiple movement tasks. Methods: This study simultaneously recorded three daily movements of 29 post-ACLR patients using both Vicon and OpenCap. Motion trajectories captured by Vicon were imported into OpenSim for musculoskeletal modeling and KCFs calculation. Dataset comprising OpenCap-derived kinematics and OpenSim-computed KCFs was used to train 3 learning models for the prediction of KCFs in ACLR patients across different movements. Results: Among three models, CNN-BiGRU-Attention model demonstrated the best predictive performance across all three movement tasks (R2walking = 0.973 ± 0.003, R2running = 0.982 ± 0.004, R2descending stairs = 0.951 ± 0.007). CNN and self-attention mechanism collectively enhanced the model's ability to capture key features in ACLR patients' movement data, thereby improving KCF prediction accuracy. Furthermore, for the three daily activities, all models showed superior KCFs prediction performance in running and stair-descent tasks compared to walking. Conclusion: The developed framework successfully achieved high-precision prediction of KCFs. This technological breakthrough not only provides a real-time quantitative tool for rehabilitation monitoring in patients with ACLR, but also facilitates a paradigm shift from static laboratory analysis to dynamic real-time monitoring, with broad application prospects in sports medicine, rehabilitation engineering.
Open Access: Yes
Entropy-centroidous driven decision framework for optimal selection of oxide nanoparticles in solar still systems
Publication Name: Thermal Science and Engineering Progress
Publication Date: 2026-06-01
Volume: 74
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
The growing global demand for safe and sustainable freshwater production has fueled interest in solar distillation systems. Although solar stills offer environmentally friendly desalination solutions, their low productivity remains a major problem. The incorporation of nanofluids based on oxide nanoparticles has emerged as a promising approach to enhance the thermophysical performance and freshwater yield of solar stills. However, selecting the most suitable nanoparticle is challenging due to conflicting thermophysical, environmental, and economic criteria. To address this decision-making complexity, this study proposes a novel hybrid multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework that integrates entropy and centroidous objective weighting methods with the “Multi-Attributive Ideal-Real Comparative Analysis” (MAIRCA) ranking technique. Twelve widely reported oxide nanoparticles (SiO2 , Fe3 O4 , MgO, ZnO, CuO, Al2 O3 , GO, TiO2 , Co3 O4 , CeO2 , SnO2 and ZrO2 ) were evaluated against eight criteria: density, thermal conductivity enhancement, specific heat capacity, thermal expansion coefficient, cost, toxicity, stability, and compatibility with the container material. Entropy-centroidous weighting identified thermal conductivity (0.2962) and cost (0.1969) as the most influential criteria, while MAIRCA ranked GO first with a score of 0.0357, followed by Al2 O3 (0.0363) and SiO2 (0.0411); ZnO ranked last with a score of 0.0582. Comparative validation across eleven established MCDM methods showed strong agreement, with Spearman correlation coefficients above 0.748, p-values below 0.05, while mean absolute error values not exceeding 1.83. Sensitivity analysis further confirmed that GO remained at the top position in almost all scenarios, except when the importance of thermal conductivity started to decrease compared to its actual weight, resulting in its replacement by Al2 O3 . The proposed framework provides a systematic and transparent decision-support tool for nanoparticle pre-screening in solar still applications. The entropy-centroidous-MAIRCA framework can be extended to a wide range of problems related to renewable energy and thermal management optimization.
Open Access: Yes
