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Found 5157 publications
One-year update on physical activity and smartphone addiction in university students: A systematic review of novel research
Publication Name: Preventive Medicine Reports
Publication Date: 2025-09-01
Volume: 57
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Objectives: Smartphone addiction is a growing health concern, especially among university students. This updated review expands our 2024 review by synthesizing recent empirical findings on the relationship between physical activity and smartphone addiction among university students. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a thorough search was conducted in PubMed, SSRN, Oxford Research Archive, JSTOR, and Google Scholar. The quality of studies was evaluated with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Results: Sixteen studies published between January 1, 2024, and March 31, 2025, met the inclusion criteria: 14 cross-sectional, one randomized controlled trial, and one longitudinal. All emerged from Asia. Most found an inverse relationship between physical activity and smartphone addiction. Experimental and longitudinal studies indicated that structured physical activity could reduce smartphone addiction symptoms over time. However, the predominantly correlational designs warrant cautious interpretation. Still, the directionally consistent average effect size was moderate to large (Cohen's d = ≈ −0.62), highlighting physical activity's protective role. Conclusions: Regular physical activity may prevent or reduce smartphone addiction in university students. However, future studies should employ longitudinal designs, use objective measures, and incorporate qualitative validation. This review reinforces our earlier findings and supports the considerable inverse relationship between physical activity and smartphone addiction.
Open Access: Yes
The Role of Domain Size and Boundary Conditions in Mathematical Modeling of Railway Tracks
Publication Name: Applied Mechanics
Publication Date: 2025-09-01
Volume: 6
Issue: 3
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
In developing a mathematical model of a railway track, the question of determining the dimensions of the modeling domain inevitably arises. If the modeling area is too small, boundary effects may significantly influence the results, reducing their accuracy. Conversely, excessively large areas can increase computational complexity without substantial improvements in accuracy. An optimal choice of dimensions enables the balancing of computational costs and accuracy. Solving this problem is non-trivial, as it depends on numerous factors, primarily the type of mathematical model and the problem being addressed. In most cases, preference is given to minimal domain sizes that ensure the approach’s adequacy. The aim of this study is to justify the dimensions of the modeling domain by addressing such tasks as load scaling, introducing additional boundary conditions, and making relevant assumptions. The main object of the study is the minimum adequate longitudinal length of the track for the spatial model. The research is based on the analytical application of modern approaches in the theory of elasticity. The results are analyzed using mathematical methods, such as modeling the railway track through the propagation of elastic waves and finite element modeling. These findings can be applied to a wide range of problems related to the mathematical modeling of the stress–strain state of railway tracks.
Open Access: Yes
Challenges Faced by Female Leaders Through a Lens of a Western Hungarian Research
Publication Name: Societies
Publication Date: 2025-09-01
Volume: 15
Issue: 9
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
In the global work culture of the 21st century, the image of female leaders is marginal. The stereotypical opinion links the terms leaders and managers to the male gender and predetermined gendered characteristics typical to men. The aim of this study is to redefine certain perspectives through empirical research based on previous literature regarding gender stereotypes in leadership and challenges facing female leaders. This paper looks at the main issues that concern female leaders throughout their careers and even after reaching a higher position and discusses the differences between male and female workers on the top levels of the organizational hierarchy. The research was conducted in the Western Transdanubia region of Hungary. The research was based on eight semi-structured interviews with mid- and senior managers, which were analyzed through thematic analysis to identify patterns and challenges. As an exploratory qualitative study with a region-specific sample, the findings provide valuable insights but should be interpreted cautiously as they cannot be extrapolated to a comparable situation. The findings of the study indicate that gender gaps in the corporate world can be attributed to the presence of stereotypes resulting from gender roles embedded in patriarchal societies, gender-based discrimination in the labor market. As the results suggest, these non-quantifiable problems are of great importance in terms of the position of women in the labor market and society.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.3390/soc15090262
Surface Waviness of EV Gears and NVH Effects—A Comprehensive Review
Publication Name: World Electric Vehicle Journal
Publication Date: 2025-09-01
Volume: 16
Issue: 9
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Electric vehicle (EV) drivetrains operate at high rotational speeds, which makes the noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) performance of gear transmissions a critical design factor. Without the masking effect of an internal combustion engine, gear whine can become a prominent source of passenger discomfort. This paper provides the first comprehensive review focused specifically on gear tooth surface waviness, a subtle manufacturing-induced deviation that can excite tonal noise. Periodic, micron-scale undulations caused by finishing processes such as grinding may generate non-meshing frequency “ghost orders,” leading to tonal complaints even in high-quality gears. The article compares finishing technologies including honing and superfinishing, showing their influence on waviness and acoustic behavior. It also summarizes modern waviness detection techniques, from single-flank rolling tests to optical scanning systems, and highlights data-driven predictive approaches using machine learning. Industrial case studies illustrate the practical challenges of managing waviness, while recent proposals such as controlled surface texturing are also discussed. The review identifies gaps in current research: (i) the lack of standardized waviness metrics for consistent comparison across studies; (ii) the limited validation of digital twin approaches against measured data; and (iii) the insufficient integration of machine learning with physics-based models. Addressing these gaps will be essential for linking surface finish specifications with NVH performance, reducing development costs, and improving passenger comfort in EV transmissions.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.3390/wevj16090540
Robustness of a flux-intensifying permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance machine focusing on shifted surface-inset ferrite magnets
Publication Name: Computers and Structures
Publication Date: 2025-09-01
Volume: 316
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Flux-intensifying permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance machines use relatively small amounts of non-rare earth permanent magnets, making them viable alternatives for remanufacturing older machines, aligning with EU directives and circular economy principles. The asymmetric rotor topology is particularly suited for micromobility applications, which benefit from shifting inset magnets, as reverse motoring is rarely required. However, this design could be more sensitive to manufacturing and positioning errors of the magnets. To investigate the effects of the uncertainties of the shifted surface inset magnets, first, an optimal topology is selected based on average torque, torque ripple, and cogging torque using the NSGA-II optimisation method. The effects of the magnet shifting and its robustness are analysed using the Taguchi and ANOVA methods, validated by Full Factorial calculations. Results indicate a 31.25 % reduction in permanent magnet volume without compromising torque output with magnet shifting. The machine's average and cogging torque remain within a 5 % robustness threshold for a ±0.06 mm discrete manufacturing tolerance. Torque ripple may exceed this limit up to 14.77 %. However, the likelihood of exceeding the threshold is only 12.10 %. The reduced magnet volume and maintained performance make this topology a promising option for remanufactured machines in micromobility applications, supporting circular economy goals.
Open Access: Yes
The Relationship Between EMF Exposure and MIMO Systems, and the Exposure Advantages of Lowband Massive MIMO System
Publication Name: Telecom
Publication Date: 2025-09-01
Volume: 6
Issue: 3
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
With the advancement of mobile communications, technologies based on high-element-count antenna systems—such as massive Multiple Input Multiple Output (massive MIMO)—are playing an increasingly important role in enhancing network capacity. However, they introduce new challenges in the measurement and evaluation of electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure. This study presents a detailed, laboratory-based methodology for assessing EMF exposure in cellular systems using Single Input Single Output (SISO) and MIMO technologies. To address the limitations of traditional exposure assessment techniques—particularly under the conditions introduced by 5G and active antenna systems—a shielded test environment with directional antennas was developed and applied across lowband and midband frequency ranges (700–2100 MHz). Downlink electromagnetic power density was measured under standardized modulation, coding, and bandwidth settings for both SISO and MIMO configurations. The results show that MIMO technology does not lead to a significant increase in EMF exposure compared to SISO, with average differences remaining below 1 dB. Moreover, in lower-frequency bands, massive MIMO systems can ensure the required user capacity at significantly lower transmission power, resulting in more than 15 dB reductions in EMF exposure. These findings confirm the potential of massive MIMO to enhance network performance while reducing the level of electromagnetic exposure.
Open Access: Yes
From Voice to Action: Upholding Children’s Right to Participation in Shaping Policies and Laws for Digital Safety and Well-Being
Publication Name: Societies
Publication Date: 2025-09-01
Volume: 15
Issue: 9
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
While the digital environment offers new opportunities to realise children’s rights, their right to participation remains insufficiently reflected in digital policy frameworks. This study analyses the right of the child to be heard in the academic literature and in the existing international legal and EU regulatory frameworks. It explores how children’s participation right is incorporated into EU and national digital policies and examines how genuine engagement can strengthen children’s digital resilience and support their well-being. By applying the 7C model of coping skills and analysing its interaction with the right to participation, the study highlights how these elements mutually reinforce the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Through a qualitative analysis of key strategic documents and the relevant policy literature, the research identifies the tension between the formal acknowledgment of children’s right to participate and its practical implementation at law- and policy-making levels within the digital context. Although the European Union’s examined strategies emphasise children’s participation, their practical implementation often remains abstract and fragmented at the state level. While the new BIK+ strategy shows a stronger formal emphasis on child participation, this positive development in policy language has not yet translated into a substantive change in children’s influence at the state level. This nuance highlights that despite a positive trend in policy rhetoric, the essential dimension of genuine influence remains underdeveloped.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.3390/soc15090243
Developing a Consistent and Transparent Corporate Sustainability Rating System with a Sector-Agnostic Approach
Publication Name: Journal of Sustainability Research
Publication Date: 2025-09-01
Volume: 7
Issue: 3
Page Range: Unknown
Description:
Background: Development of objective, quantitative sustainability reporting scores for international companies has to be based on legal, regulatory, and public policy standards as well as focused exclusively on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) issues. The key performance indicators (KPIs) developed here differ from traditional agencies’ rating schemes in that they are equally applicable across industrial sectors. They measure performance in terms of several environmental Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) indicators. The KPIs quantify performance by systematically linking corporate revenues with sustainability metrics, thereby yielding readily comparable, numerical scores. Methods: This report illustrates their utility with data on carbon dioxide (CO2 ) emissions from leading companies within the S&P Global ESG ranking for 2023. Results: The findings reveal significant gaps in managing Scope 3 emissions, which dominate the value chain and present the greatest challenge for corporate sustainability. These disparities highlight the need for improved data transparency and harmonized reporting standards to ensure consistent and actionable sustainability assessments. Conclusions: By bridging these gaps, the KPIs enable more equitable comparisons across industries and encourage better alignment of corporate strategies with global climate objectives. The additional transparency and insights in turn afford investors, managers, policy makers, and other stakeholders’ better information for their decision making.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: 10.20900/jsr20250054
Unlocking energy efficiency: Exploring the dynamic evolution and regional correlations in the Huaihe Eco-economic Belt
Publication Name: Gondwana Research
Publication Date: 2025-09-01
Volume: 145
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: 57-70
Description:
Energy is the cornerstone of today's social development, and it is of great significance to comprehensively and objectively reflect the level of energy efficiency (EE) and regional differences. Taking the Huaihe Eco-economic Belt (HEB) as an example, the EE of 28 cities in the HEB from 2008 to 2021 was measured and analyzed by using the super-efficiency SBM model with non-expected outputs; Using Dagum Gini coefficient to explore regional differences in EE levels and their sources; It also explores the dynamic evolutionary pattern and spatial correlation of EE levels using kernel density estimation, Markov transfer probability matrix, and Moran index. The results are as follows: (1) The value of EE in the HEB shows a trend of change that first declines and then rises, with relatively small changes; (2) Regional differences in EE show a fluctuating and increasing trend, with hypervariable density being the most important source of overall regional differences, which are much greater within regions than between regions; (3) The development of EE has been polarized, and the hierarchy of EE levels is relatively stable, with the phenomenon of “club convergence”; (4) There is spatial agglomeration in the level of EE development, with cities in the midwest parts of the country mostly falling in the high-value agglomeration area of the first quadrant, and cities in the northern part of the country mostly falling in the low-value agglomeration area of the third quadrant, with a few cities experiencing spatial and temporal jumps. This paper will be valuable to the government in identifying energy-inefficient cities, formulating targeted policy measures, and promoting the synergistic sustainable development of HEB.
Open Access: Yes
