Plastic waste conversion has been widely recognized as a promising strategy to address growing waste management challenges. However, the feasibility of its integration into existing industrial systems remains uncertain. This paper explores a plastic waste-to-X strategy aimed at reintegrating plastic waste into its original supply chain, in alignment with circular economy principles. A graph-theoretic optimization model is developed using P-graph to identify the optimal and near-optimal pathway configurations under multiple scenarios. Under a cost minimization scenario, the optimal solution achieves a 0.013–0.19% lower cost compared with alternative pathways; however, related to the higher opportunity cost of up to 24,364 USD/y from forgone utility savings and carbon tax reductions. Incorporating carbon credits shifts the focus toward balancing cost efficiency and emission reduction. Under budget constraints, the benefit-cost analysis reveals that emission reduction does not increase linearly with budget expansion. These findings guide decision-makers in setting realistic emission reduction targets and allocating budget efficiently, while helping policymakers to develop a financial scheme that promotes greater emission reductions without excessive expenditure.

This article aims to derive novel varieties of exact solitonic wave solutions to the complex short pulse equation using an effective technique known as the Riccati-Bernoulli sub-ODE method (RBSODM), which does not conform to the balance rule. For the first time, the resonance induced by the arbitrariness of the singular manifold is analyzed in the proposed model through the application of Painlevé analysis (PA). The complex short pulse (CSP) equation models the behaviour of ultra-short optical pulses in nonlinear media. It serves as a more accurate model than the non-linear Schrödinger equation when the pulse width approaches the optical cycle scale. The proposed model incorporates both dispersion and Kerr-type nonlinearity, capturing the essential features of femtosecond pulse dynamics. Diverse types of rogue wave soliton solutions have been extracted such as bright soliton, dark soliton, W-like soliton, M-like soliton, and higher-order breather soliton. Moreover, the numerical approximations for all obtained analytical traveling wave solutions have been implemented by using the Haar wavelet approach (HWA). A comparison between the obtained analytical and numerical solutions is presented. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional graphical simulations are generated using the Mathematica software. The graphical simulations demonstrates the novelty of the obtained results and facilitate the interpretation of the dynamical properties of the proposed model.

Background/Objectives: Cervical cancer remains a global health burden. The loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) is effective for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Positive margins often complicate decisions about repeat conization. HPV testing is standard in post-treatment surveillance, but its limited specificity shows the need for additional, cost-effective biomarkers. This study evaluated whether changes in systemic inflammatory indices—platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII)—can predict residual high-grade lesions after incomplete excision. Methods: This multicenter retrospective study included 125 patients who underwent repeat surgery after LEEP due to positive margins. Changes in preoperative inflammatory indices (ΔPLR, ΔSIRI, ΔSII) between the first and second procedures were analyzed by the histopathological findings of the second surgery. Group differences were assessed using the Mann–Whitney U test, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate discriminatory performance. Results: Significant differences were found in ΔPLR (p = 0.032) and ΔSII (p = 0.048) between patients with and without residual high-grade lesions or invasive cancer. ΔSIRI showed borderline significance (p = 0.050). For invasive cancer alone, ΔSIRI was significantly associated with malignancy (p = 0.035). ROC analysis showed modest predictive performance (AUC ≈ 0.60). Conclusions: Dynamic changes in PLR, SIRI, and SII may be as inexpensive adjunct biomarkers to support risk stratification after incomplete LEEP and can complement HPV testing in certain clinical settings.

Background: Lower respiratory infections (LRIs) remain the world's leading infectious cause of death. This analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 provides global, regional, and national estimates of LRI incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with attribution to 26 pathogens, including 11 newly modelled pathogens, across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023. With new data and revised modelling techniques, these estimates serve as an update and expansion to GBD 2021. Through these estimates, we also aimed to assess progress towards the 2025 Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD) target for pneumonia mortality in children younger than 5 years. Methods: Mortality from LRIs, defined as physician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis, was estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model with data from vital registration, verbal autopsy, surveillance, and minimally invasive tissue sampling. The Bayesian meta-regression tool DisMod-MR 2.1 was used to model overall morbidity due to LRIs. DALYs were calculated as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) for all locations, years, age groups, and sexes. We modelled pathogen-specific case-fatality ratios (CFRs) for each age group and location using splined binomial regression to create internally consistent estimates of incidence and mortality proportions attributable to viral, fungal, parasitic, and bacterial pathogens. Progress was assessed towards the GAPPD target of less than three deaths from pneumonia per 1000 livebirths, which is roughly equivalent to a mortality rate of less than 60 deaths per 100 000 children younger than 5 years. Findings: In 2023, LRIs were responsible for 2·50 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·24–2·81) deaths and 98·7 million (87·7–112) DALYs, with children younger than 5 years and adults aged 70 years and older carrying the highest burden. LRI mortality in children younger than 5 years fell by 33·4% (10·4–47·4) since 2010, with a global mortality rate of 94·8 (75·6–116·4) per 100 000 person-years in 2023. Among adults aged 70 years and older, the burden remained substantial with only marginal declines since 2010. A mortality rate of less than 60 deaths per 100 000 for children younger than 5 years was met by 129 of the 204 modelled countries in 2023. At a super-regional level, sub-Saharan Africa had an aggregate mortality rate in children younger than 5 years (hereafter referred to as under-5 mortality rate) furthest from the GAPPD target. Streptococcus pneumoniae continued to account for the largest number of LRI deaths globally (634 000 [95% UI 565 000–721 000] deaths or 25·3% [24·5–26·1] of all LRI deaths), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (271 000 [243 000–298 000] deaths or 10·9% [10·3–11·3]), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (228 000 [204 000–261 000] deaths or 9·1% [8·8–9·5]). Among pathogens newly modelled in this study, non-tuberculous mycobacteria (responsible for 177 000 [95% UI 155 000–201 000] deaths) and Aspergillus spp (responsible for 67 800 [59 900–75 900] deaths) emerged as important contributors. Altogether, the 11 newly modelled pathogens accounted for approximately 22% of LRI deaths. Interpretation: This comprehensive analysis underscores both the gains achieved through vaccination and the challenges that remain in controlling the LRI burden globally. Furthermore, it demonstrates persistent disparities in disease burden, with the highest mortality rates concentrated in countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Globally, as well as in these high-burden locations, the under-5 LRI mortality rate remains well above the GAPPD target. Progress towards this target requires equitable access to vaccines and preventive therapies—including newer interventions such as respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibodies—and health systems capable of early diagnosis and treatment. Expanding surveillance of emerging pathogens, strengthening adult immunisation programmes, and combating vaccine hesitancy are also crucial. As the global population ages, the dual challenge of sustaining gains in child survival while addressing the rising vulnerability in older adults will shape future pneumonia control strategies. Funding: Gates Foundation.

This study examines how European Union Member States address cyberbullying affecting children through legal and policy frameworks, paying particular attention to children’s rights. It employs a qualitative, document-based comparative methodology, applying a harmonized codebook to analyze definitional, legal, preventive, and reactive responses across all 27 EU Member States. The analytical framework is grounded in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, the EU Strategy on the Rights of the Child, the Better Internet for Kids (BIK+) initiative, and the Digital Services Act, which serve as normative benchmarks. Coding draws on EU-level harmonized sources, including Joint Research Centre outputs and the 2025 BIK policy reports, and aggregates the findings into a composite structural indicator capturing the formal regulatory and policy coverage of cyberbullying from a child rights perspective. The results indicate a high level of formal regulatory attention in most Member States, particularly regarding criminal law protection, educational prevention, and institutional reporting mechanisms. However, child-specific and child-friendly elements—such as explicit cyberbullying definitions, adapted reporting procedures, and tailored civil law remedies—remain uneven and limited. The study concludes that, despite comprehensive formal regulation, significant gaps persist in the integration of child-centered and access-to-justice-oriented mechanisms, underscoring the need for strengthened child rights approaches and further research on implementation and children’s lived experiences.

This work presents a case study detailing an end-to-end workflow for reconstructing a damaged plastic component when no original design data are available. The approach integrates microscopic inspection of fracture surfaces, selective enhancement of 3D scan data, CAD-based modification of geometrically and functionally critical features, and continuous fibre-reinforced additive manufacturing. The component examined functions as a structural mounting element in an automotive lighting module, where it maintains correct alignment and provides mechanical support in service. The study concentrates on the cost-effective replacement of unique parts produced in very small batches. The results indicate that this fracture-analysis-informed reverse engineering strategy offers a practical solution for reproducing low-volume, custom, or replacement components in situations where standard manufacturing methods are not economically viable. The reconstructed part matched the geometry necessary for installation in the original assembly and successfully passed initial functional checks; however, this study did not include quantitative measurements of mechanical performance.

While we move into the seventh year of the signing of Paris agreement, research scholars and supply chain firms have paid a lot of emphasis on environmental sustainability with the aim of achieving net zero targets by 2050. However, the global pandemic has somewhat disturbed the focus from environment to resilience due to severe economic implications of COVID-19. In this paper, we contribute to the very scant discussion on Twitter Analytics by analysing supply chain tweets with COVID-19 at the backdrop. Our approach involves analysing how decarbonization related discussions have evolved by capturing the tweets across three timelines: pre pandemic, pandemic and post pandemic. By integrating descriptive analytics, content analytics and machine learning algorithm in topic modelling, we extract textual intelligence related to emissions and pollution from leading firms involving supply chain management. We find that although decarbonization related discussions are at bare minimum in terms of the proportion of discussions within the supply chain context, the overall emotion of tweets indicate fear across all three timelines. Moreover, it was surprising to note that although pollution levels came down due to low economic activity during pandemic, we found more discussions during COVID in comparison to pre-COVID times. Pollution and waste caused by plastics, fuel consumption, reduction in greenhouse gas emission are some of the key topics that emerged during pandemic times. Our paper makes a modest contribution on the role of social media analytics within supply chain context around COVID-19.

Green Growth Strategies (GGS) are a win–win opportunity for not only the nation’s economy but also the environment. However, many countries are not concerned about reaping these benefits, and they continue to harm the environment for short-term gain, neglecting long-term sustainability. Southern European countries can utilize green growth policies to enhance their competitiveness, bypass older, more polluting technologies by directly adopting cleaner alternatives, and achieve economic and environmental progress. To address this concern, we analyzed 12 Southern European countries from 2010 to 2019, investigating how they can enhance their green growth performance by incorporating critical predictors. We employed panel data estimators, mean group (MG) to accommodate slope heterogeneity, and Common Correlated Effects Mean Group (CCEMG), which opens the opportunity to observe the influence of unobserved common factors and allows us to capture cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneous behavior better. We applied the Method of Moment Quantile Regression (MMQR) technique further as a robustness check to capture heterogeneous effects across the green growth distribution. The same methodology with ecological footprint data and implementation of the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) has eliminated the endogeneity concern. The findings highlighted that educational attainment, globalization, and renewable energy consumption have positive influences on green growth. In comparison, trade openness and natural resource rent exhibit negative effects when we shift the methodology from MG to CCEMG, giving us a total of four significant factors to be concerned with. The study emphasizes the crucial importance of tailored policy approaches and regional collaboration in addressing environmental challenges effectively, and offers actionable insights for achieving green growth in the region by providing empirically grounded and practical recommendations that account for diverse socioeconomic contexts and ecological vulnerabilities.

India's rapid rise as a global renewable energy producer is occurring alongside a significant economic transformation. The present study explores the relationship between renewable energy production (REN) and key economic drivers, namely, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), foreign direct investment (FDI), trade openness, patents, oil production, and public-private participation in energy over the period from 1990 to 2021. Using a Bayesian Vector Autoregression (BVAR) framework, we uncover nonlinear and time-varying effects: patents stimulate renewable output but with diminishing returns, FDI consistently suppresses growth in renewables, GDP exhibits an inverted U-shaped relationship, and trade openness follows a U-shaped trajectory. Oil production initially supports but later crowds out renewable generation, while private investment shows delayed positive effects after an initial drag. Variance decomposition highlights a shift from self-driven dynamics in the short run toward macroeconomic and structural determinants in the long run, with GDP, FDI, and R&D increasingly explaining variation in REN over time. The findings posit that renewable energy in India is both a driver and a product of wider economic shifts, calling for policies that synchronise innovation, trade, finance, and energy governance to ensure a resilient low-carbon transition.