Tauseef Ahmad

57214283386

Publications - 6

Global, regional, and national trends in routine childhood vaccination coverage from 1980 to 2023 with forecasts to 2030: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023

Catherine Bisignano Ashley A. Harris Amanda E. Smith Paulina A. Lindstedt Simeon Okechukwu Ajakwe Olivia D. Nesbit Taylor Noyes Noga Shalev Latera Tesfaye Olana Catherine M. Antony Nancy Fullman Sharareh Eskandarieh Mushood Ahmed Naveed Ahmed Rana Kamal Abu Farha Kamoru Ademola Adedokun Nurudeen A. Adegoke Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi Giuseppina Affinito Dolapo Emmanuel Ajala Eman Abu-Gharbieh Reed J.D. Sorensen Chun Wei Yuan Stein Emil Vollset Stephen S. Lim Jonathan F. Mosser Andy Stergachis Farbod Khosravi Sonali Kochhar Armita Abedi Usha Adiga Mitra Abbasifard Mohammad Amin Aalipour Faezeh Abbaspour Tomislav Mestrovic Dariush Abtahi Ripon Kumar Adhikary Mohd Adnan Aqeel Ahmad Simon I. Hay Abdollah Jafarzadeh Williams Agyemang-Duah Hana J. Abukhadijah Danish Ahmad Amin Sharifan Rotimi Felix Afolabi Saira Afzal Emad M. Abdallah Samar Abd Elhafeez Meqdad Saleh Ahmed Muktar Beshir Ahmed Syed Anees Ahmed Suneth Buddhika Agampodi Khurshid Ahmad Tauseef Ahmad Sepehr Aghajanian Ayman Ahmed Ramy Mohamed Ghazy Meriem Abdoun Salahdein Aburuz Lucas Guimarães Abreu Alireza Shakeri Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani Emily Haeuser Sam Byrne Jason Nguyen Catalina Raggi Susan A. McLaughlin Hedayat Abbastabar Rana Kamal Abu Farha Sherief Abd-Elsalam Dmitry Abramov Adam Abdullahi Faezeh Abbaspour Reda Abdel-Hameed Samar Abd ElHafeez Atef Abdelkader Deldar Morad Abdulah Haroon Ahmed Lisa C. Adams Toufik Abdul-Rahman Constanza Elizabeth Aguilera Arriagada Mahsa Ahadi Rabbiya Ahmad Shoaib Ahmad Asrat Agalu Abejew Abdu A. Adamu Juliana Bunmi Adetunji Kulmira Abdykerimova Rahim Abo Kasem Nagah M. Abourashed Mohamed Abouzid Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga Juan Manuel Acuna Anirudh Balakrishna Acharya Meshack Achore Ousman Adal Habeeb Abiodun Afolabi Hasan Aalruz Arman Abdous Auwal Abdullahi Bilyaminu Abubakar David Adedia Syed Hani Abidi Olumide Abiodun Hassan Abolhassani Richard Gyan Aboagye Ulric Sena Abonie Abdullahi Tunde Aborode Wakgari Mosisa Abdisa Oyelola A. Adegboye Mohammad Mahdi Bastan Dhiraj Motilal Agarwal Tajudeen Adesanmi Adebisi Oluwatobi E. Adegbile Olumide Thomas Adeleke Mache Tsadik Adhana Molalegne Bitew Feven Sahle Gebre Leticia Akua Adzigbli Alireza Mirkheshti Sohrab Salimi Seyed Mohammad Seyed Alshohadaei Hafsa Zia Gizachew Taddesse Akalu Jiawei He Prince Owusu Adoma Dorsa Salabat Mohamed Jalloh Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar Sina Shool Melika Jameie Jafar Karami Farzad Kompani Mohammad Ali Mansournia Abdolreza Mohammadi Amin Mohsenzadeh Aleksandr Y. Aravkin Omid Dadras Iman M. Talaat Ali H. Mokdad Xiaochen Dai Lalit Dandona Rakhi Dandona Sara Bagheri Fereshteh Baghizadeh Mahdis Bayat Minoo Heidari Almasi Ali Asghar Kolahi Ali Nikoobar Mohammad Mahdi Rashidi Firoozeh Madadi Mehdi Safari Mastooreh Sagharichi Maryam Shayan Georgia Smith Samuel James Herold Annie Haakenstad Christopher J.L. Murray Zahra Siavashpour Mohsen Rezaeian Shakiba Ghasemi Assl Atakan Orscelik Yigit Can Senol Michael Zastrozhin Hannah Elizabeth Robinson-Oden Amin Azizan Nazila Rezaei Pegah Salimi Pormehr Amin Sedigh Farshad Shahkarami Kazem Ghaffari Ghazal Arjmand Mahsa Asadi Anar Rasoul Ebrahimi Seyed Ataollah Madinezad Behnaz Niroomand Seyed Kiarash Sadat Rafiei Antonio Olivas-Martinez

Publication Name: Lancet

Publication Date: 2025-07-19

Volume: 406

Issue: 10500

Page Range: 235-260

Description:

Background: Since its inception in 1974, the Essential Programme on Immunization (EPI) has achieved remarkable success, averting the deaths of an estimated 154 million children worldwide through routine childhood vaccination. However, more recent decades have seen persistent coverage inequities and stagnating progress, which have been further amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2019, WHO set ambitious goals for improving vaccine coverage globally through the Immunization Agenda 2030 (IA2030). Now halfway through the decade, understanding past and recent coverage trends can help inform and reorient strategies for approaching these aims in the next 5 years. Methods: Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2023, this study provides updated global, regional, and national estimates of routine childhood vaccine coverage from 1980 to 2023 for 204 countries and territories for 11 vaccine-dose combinations recommended by WHO for all children globally. Employing advanced modelling techniques, this analysis accounts for data biases and heterogeneity and integrates new methodologies to model vaccine scale-up and COVID-19 pandemic-related disruptions. To contextualise historic coverage trends and gains still needed to achieve the IA2030 coverage targets, we supplement these results with several secondary analyses: (1) we assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on vaccine coverage; (2) we forecast coverage of select life-course vaccines up to 2030; and (3) we analyse progress needed to reduce the number of zero-dose children by half between 2023 and 2030. Findings: Overall, global coverage for the original EPI vaccines against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (first dose [DTP1] and third dose [DTP3]), measles (MCV1), polio (Pol3), and tuberculosis (BCG) nearly doubled from 1980 to 2023. However, this long-term trend masks recent challenges. Coverage gains slowed between 2010 and 2019 in many countries and territories, including declines in 21 of 36 high-income countries and territories for at least one of these vaccine doses (excluding BCG, which has been removed from routine immunisation schedules in some countries and territories). The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated these challenges, with global rates for these vaccines declining sharply since 2020, and still not returning to pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels as of 2023. Coverage for newer vaccines developed and introduced in more recent years, such as immunisations against pneumococcal disease (PCV3) and rotavirus (complete series; RotaC) and a second dose of the measles vaccine (MCV2), saw continued increases globally during the COVID-19 pandemic due to ongoing introductions and scale-ups, but at slower rates than expected in the absence of the pandemic. Forecasts to 2030 for DTP3, PCV3, and MCV2 suggest that only DTP3 would reach the IA2030 target of 90% global coverage, and only under an optimistic scenario. The number of zero-dose children, proxied as children younger than 1 year who do not receive DTP1, decreased by 74·9% (95% uncertainty interval 72·1–77·3) globally between 1980 and 2019, with most of those declines reached during the 1980s and the 2000s. After 2019, counts of zero-dose children rose to a COVID 19-era peak of 18·6 million (17·6–20·0) in 2021. Most zero-dose children remain concentrated in conflict-affected regions and those with various constraints on resources available to put towards vaccination services, particularly sub-Saharan Africa. As of 2023, more than 50% of the 15·7 million (14·6–17·0) global zero-dose children resided in just eight countries (Nigeria, India, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Indonesia, and Brazil), emphasising persistent inequities. Interpretation: Our estimates of current vaccine coverage and forecasts to 2030 suggest that achieving IA2030 targets, such as halving zero-dose children compared with 2019 levels and reaching 90% global coverage for life-course vaccines DTP3, PCV3, and MCV2, will require accelerated progress. Substantial increases in coverage are necessary in many countries and territories, with those in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia facing the greatest challenges. Recent declines will need to be reversed to restore previous coverage levels in Latin America and the Caribbean, especially for DTP1, DTP3, and Pol3. These findings underscore the crucial need for targeted, equitable immunisation strategies. Strengthening primary health-care systems, addressing vaccine misinformation and hesitancy, and adapting to local contexts are essential to advancing coverage. COVID-19 pandemic recovery efforts, such as WHO's Big Catch-Up, as well as efforts to bolster routine services must prioritise reaching marginalised populations and target subnational geographies to regain lost ground and achieve global immunisation goals. Funding: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01037-2

The global, regional, and national burden of cancer, 1990–2023, with forecasts to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023

Amani Alansari Ibukun Modupe Adesiyan Abdallah H.A. Abd Al Magied Mohammed Altigani Abdalla Arash Abdollahi Wael M. Abdel-Rahman Aminu Kende Abubakar Ahmed Abu-Zaid Kamoru Ademola Adedokun Nurudeen A. Adegoke Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi Mohadese Ahmadzade Anisuddin Ahmed Fahmi Y. Al-Ashwal Dolapo Emmanuel Ajala Ashraf Nabiel Abdalla Raghu Ram Achar Eman Abu-Gharbieh Lisa C. Adams Muayyad M. Ahmad Maryam Abbasalipour bashash Mesfin Abebe Armita Abedi Sajjad Ahmad Syed Anees Ahmed Usha Adiga Faisal Ahmad Sajjad Ahmad A. Bhoomadevi Aqeel Ahmad Lisa M. Force Hasan Aalruz Kayleigh Bhangdia Jonathan M. Kocarnik Miranda L. May Feleke Doyore Agide Andrew Crist Williams Agyemang-Duah Roland Eghoghosoa Akhigbe Karolina Akinosoglou Omar Al Omari Alemwork Abie Hana J. Abukhadijah Muhammad Sohail Afzal Danish Ahmad Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade Salah Al Awaidy Nasir Abbas Maryam Abbasalipour bashash Hanadi Al Hamad Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan Samar Abd Elhafeez Navidha Aggarwal Gasha Salih Ahmed Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed Meqdad Saleh Ahmed Muktar Beshir Ahmed Nesredin Ahmed Syed Anees Ahmed Marjan Ajami Mohammad Al Qadire Suneth Buddhika Agampodi Khurshid Ahmad César Agostinis Sobrinho Tauseef Ahmad Elham Ahmadi Ayman Ahmed Meriem Abdoun Salahdein Aburuz Yazan Al Thaher Zufishan Alam Lucas Guimarães Abreu Lawan Hassan Adamu Bhoomadevi A Louise Penberthy Natalie Pritchett Alistair Acheson Lee Deitesfeld Ahmed M. Afifi Bright Opoku Ahinkorah Fatemeh Afrashteh Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani Juan Manuel Acuna Hasan Aalruz Arman Abdous Auwal Abdullahi Bilyaminu Abubakar Isaac Yeboah Addo Syed Hani Abidi Olumide Abiodun Hassan Abolhassani Richard Gyan Aboagye Ulric Sena Abonie Habeeb Omoponle Adewuyi Parsa Abdi Wakgari Mosisa Abdisa Luai A. Ahmed Victor Adekanmbi Ibrar Ahmed Daba Abdissa Arya Afrooghe Omar Ali Mohammed Al Zaabi Khurshid Alam Leticia Akua Adzigbli Nasir Abbas Prince Owusu Adoma Khurshid Ahmad

Publication Name: Lancet

Publication Date: 2025-10-11

Volume: 406

Issue: 10512

Page Range: 1565-1586

Description:

Background: Cancer is a leading cause of death globally. Accurate cancer burden information is crucial for policy planning, but many countries do not have up-to-date cancer surveillance data. To inform global cancer-control efforts, we used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 framework to generate and analyse estimates of cancer burden for 47 cancer types or groupings by age, sex, and 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023, cancer burden attributable to selected risk factors from 1990 to 2023, and forecasted cancer burden up to 2050. Methods: Cancer estimation in GBD 2023 used data from population-based cancer registration systems, vital registration systems, and verbal autopsies. Cancer mortality was estimated using ensemble models, with incidence informed by mortality estimates and mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Prevalence estimates were generated from modelled survival estimates, then multiplied by disability weights to estimate years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were estimated by multiplying age-specific cancer deaths by the GBD standard life expectancy at the age of death. Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were calculated as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We used the GBD 2023 comparative risk assessment framework to estimate cancer burden attributable to 44 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. To forecast cancer burden from 2024 to 2050, we used the GBD 2023 forecasting framework, which included forecasts of relevant risk factor exposures and used Socio-demographic Index as a covariate for forecasting the proportion of each cancer not affected by these risk factors. Progress towards the UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target 3.4 aim to reduce non-communicable disease mortality by a third between 2015 and 2030 was estimated for cancer. Findings: In 2023, excluding non-melanoma skin cancers, there were 18·5 million (95% uncertainty interval 16·4 to 20·7) incident cases of cancer and 10·4 million (9·65 to 10·9) deaths, contributing to 271 million (255 to 285) DALYs globally. Of these, 57·9% (56·1 to 59·8) of incident cases and 65·8% (64·3 to 67·6) of cancer deaths occurred in low-income to upper-middle-income countries based on World Bank income group classifications. Cancer was the second leading cause of deaths globally in 2023 after cardiovascular diseases. There were 4·33 million (3·85 to 4·78) risk-attributable cancer deaths globally in 2023, comprising 41·7% (37·8 to 45·4) of all cancer deaths. Risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 72·3% (57·1 to 86·8) from 1990 to 2023, whereas overall global cancer deaths increased by 74·3% (62·2 to 86·2) over the same period. The reference forecasts (the most likely future) estimate that in 2050 there will be 30·5 million (22·9 to 38·9) cases and 18·6 million (15·6 to 21·5) deaths from cancer globally, 60·7% (41·9 to 80·6) and 74·5% (50·1 to 104·2) increases from 2024, respectively. These forecasted increases in deaths are greater in low-income and middle-income countries (90·6% [61·0 to 127·0]) compared with high-income countries (42·8% [28·3 to 58·6]). Most of these increases are likely due to demographic changes, as age-standardised death rates are forecast to change by –5·6% (–12·8 to 4·6) between 2024 and 2050 globally. Between 2015 and 2030, the probability of dying due to cancer between the ages of 30 years and 70 years was forecasted to have a relative decrease of 6·5% (3·2 to 10·3). Interpretation: Cancer is a major contributor to global disease burden, with increasing numbers of cases and deaths forecasted up to 2050 and a disproportionate growth in burden in countries with scarce resources. The decline in age-standardised mortality rates from cancer is encouraging but insufficient to meet the SDG target set for 2030. Effectively and sustainably addressing cancer burden globally will require comprehensive national and international efforts that consider health systems and context in the development and implementation of cancer-control strategies across the continuum of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Funding: Gates Foundation, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, and St Baldrick's Foundation.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01635-6

Global burden of lower respiratory infections and aetiologies, 1990–2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023

Usha Adiga Emad M. Abdallah Dariush Abtahi Meriem Abdoun Eman Abu-Gharbieh Siddig Ibrahim Abdelwahab Anurag Agrawal Anirudh Balakrishna Acharya Mohd Adnan Victor Adekanmbi Asrat Agalu Abejew Samar Abd Elhafeez Jeza Muhamad Abdul Aziz Ripon Kumar Adhikary Nermeen Abu-Elala Auwal Abdullahi Khurshid Ahmad Rana Kamal Abu Farha Isaac Yeboah Addo Ahmad Y. Abuhelwa Nadin M.I. Abdel Razeq Sherief Abd-Elsalam Swetha Acharya Williams Agyemang-Duah Lucien R. Swetschinski Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji Juliana Bunmi Adetunji Lisa C. Adams Usman Abubakar Fuad Hamdi A. Abuadas Ali Ahmadi Ashraf Nabiel Abdalla Bright Opoku Ahinkorah Nurudeen A. Adegoke Deldar Morad Abdulah Jiawei He Austin Carter Danish Ahmad Atef Abdelkader Meshack Achore Olumide Thomas Adeleke Olifan Zewdie Abil Armita Abedi Dina Abushanab Mostafa M. Abdrabou Eve E. Wool David Adedia Kamoru Ademola Adedokun Percival Delali Delali Agordoh Muayyad M. Ahmad Aqeel Ahmad Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani Miracle Ayomikun Adesina Hedayat Abbastabar Tauseef Ahmad Ulric Sena Abonie Rabbiya Ahmad Hasan Aalruz Mohammed Altigani Abdalla Atman Adiba Chieh Han Sajjad Ahmad Mache Tsadik Adhana Rose Grace Bender Giuseppina Affinito Richard Gyan Aboagye Mohammad Amin Aalipour Sarah Brooke Sirota Mahnaz Ahmadi Navidha Aggarwal Ahmed A.J. Jabbar Ridwan Olamilekan Adesola Arman Abdous Nagah M. Abourashed Zhanar Abu Toufik Abdul-Rahman Mahsa Ahadi Ousman Adal Gizachew Beykaso Agafari Regina Mae Villanueva Dominguez Hana J. Abukhadijah Abdullahi Tunde Aborode Rabbiya Ahmad Daniel T. Araki Hassan Abolhassani Aminu Kende Abubakar Idowu Peter Adewumi Nermeen Abu-Elala Habtamu Abebe Getahun None Abdullah Faisal Ahmad Syed Hani Abidi Zahra Abbasi Dolatabadi Tajudeen Adesanmi Adebisi Kulmira Abdykerimova Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani Amanda Movo Hasan Aalruz Nagah M. Abourashed Zhanar Abu Atman Adiba Atef Abdelkader Krishna Prasad Acharya Adamu Adamu Ahmad Ijaz Ahmad Olumide Abiodun Saira Afzal Ali Ahmed

Publication Name: Lancet Infectious Diseases

Publication Date: 2026-04-01

Volume: 26

Issue: 4

Page Range: 343-361

Description:

Background: Lower respiratory infections (LRIs) remain the world's leading infectious cause of death. This analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 provides global, regional, and national estimates of LRI incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with attribution to 26 pathogens, including 11 newly modelled pathogens, across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023. With new data and revised modelling techniques, these estimates serve as an update and expansion to GBD 2021. Through these estimates, we also aimed to assess progress towards the 2025 Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD) target for pneumonia mortality in children younger than 5 years. Methods: Mortality from LRIs, defined as physician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis, was estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model with data from vital registration, verbal autopsy, surveillance, and minimally invasive tissue sampling. The Bayesian meta-regression tool DisMod-MR 2.1 was used to model overall morbidity due to LRIs. DALYs were calculated as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) for all locations, years, age groups, and sexes. We modelled pathogen-specific case-fatality ratios (CFRs) for each age group and location using splined binomial regression to create internally consistent estimates of incidence and mortality proportions attributable to viral, fungal, parasitic, and bacterial pathogens. Progress was assessed towards the GAPPD target of less than three deaths from pneumonia per 1000 livebirths, which is roughly equivalent to a mortality rate of less than 60 deaths per 100 000 children younger than 5 years. Findings: In 2023, LRIs were responsible for 2·50 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·24–2·81) deaths and 98·7 million (87·7–112) DALYs, with children younger than 5 years and adults aged 70 years and older carrying the highest burden. LRI mortality in children younger than 5 years fell by 33·4% (10·4–47·4) since 2010, with a global mortality rate of 94·8 (75·6–116·4) per 100 000 person-years in 2023. Among adults aged 70 years and older, the burden remained substantial with only marginal declines since 2010. A mortality rate of less than 60 deaths per 100 000 for children younger than 5 years was met by 129 of the 204 modelled countries in 2023. At a super-regional level, sub-Saharan Africa had an aggregate mortality rate in children younger than 5 years (hereafter referred to as under-5 mortality rate) furthest from the GAPPD target. Streptococcus pneumoniae continued to account for the largest number of LRI deaths globally (634 000 [95% UI 565 000–721 000] deaths or 25·3% [24·5–26·1] of all LRI deaths), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (271 000 [243 000–298 000] deaths or 10·9% [10·3–11·3]), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (228 000 [204 000–261 000] deaths or 9·1% [8·8–9·5]). Among pathogens newly modelled in this study, non-tuberculous mycobacteria (responsible for 177 000 [95% UI 155 000–201 000] deaths) and Aspergillus spp (responsible for 67 800 [59 900–75 900] deaths) emerged as important contributors. Altogether, the 11 newly modelled pathogens accounted for approximately 22% of LRI deaths. Interpretation: This comprehensive analysis underscores both the gains achieved through vaccination and the challenges that remain in controlling the LRI burden globally. Furthermore, it demonstrates persistent disparities in disease burden, with the highest mortality rates concentrated in countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Globally, as well as in these high-burden locations, the under-5 LRI mortality rate remains well above the GAPPD target. Progress towards this target requires equitable access to vaccines and preventive therapies—including newer interventions such as respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibodies—and health systems capable of early diagnosis and treatment. Expanding surveillance of emerging pathogens, strengthening adult immunisation programmes, and combating vaccine hesitancy are also crucial. As the global population ages, the dual challenge of sustaining gains in child survival while addressing the rising vulnerability in older adults will shape future pneumonia control strategies. Funding: Gates Foundation.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(25)00689-9

Burden of chronic respiratory disease in Asia, 1990–2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023

Mohammad Fareed Giridhara Rathnaiah Babu Shankar M. Bakkannavar Anurag Agrawal Mahaveer Golechha Jesu Arockiaraj Devananda Devegowda Atif Amin Baig Rupesh K. Gautam Ferry Efendi Mahwish Arooj Vijay Kumar Chattu Ripon Kumar Adhikary Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu Narayan Babu Dhital Anup Bhat Dinh Toi Chu Ashish D. Badiye Tahira Ashraf Ibrahim Elsohaby Saurav Basu Ayesha Fahim Syed Amir Ashraf Jaeyu Park Syed Shujait Ali Sheikh Mohammad Alif Jeetendra Bhandari Arun Ghuge Ahmad Naoras Bitar Mohammad Shahangir Biswas Linh Phuong Bui Bijit Biswas Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan Awais Altaf Zahid A. Butt Danish Ahmad Min Seo Kim Khurshid Alam Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan Muthia Cenderadewi Ginenus Fekadu Bibha Dhungel Narasimha M. Beeraka Muhammad Abdul Basit Ashraf Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev Rafat Ali Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani Niroj Bhandari Balasubramanian Ganesh Tauseef Ahmad Syed Mohamed Aljunid Biswajit Banik Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne Hitesh Chopra Siddhartha Dutta Sumbul Ansari Sajjad Ahmad An Tian Chen Anil Raj Assariparambil Sirshendu Chaudhuri Arushee Bhatnagar Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif Naveed Ahmed Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq Mohammed Usman Ali Mainak Bardhan Ajay Nagesh Bhat Khabir Ahmad Sreedhar Dharmagadda Chiranjib Chakraborty Yuni Asri Sridevi G Artyom Urievich Gil Amol S. Dhane Priyadarshini Bhattacharjee Xueting Ding Jiyeon Oh Syed Yusuf Ali Thao Huynh Phuong Do Shehab Uddin Al Abid Tae Hyeon Kim Sandip Chakraborty Hyesu Jo Haiyan Chen Sunghyun Chung Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi Xiang Gao Kabilan Annadurai Nurila Aryntayeva Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani Samiun Nazrin Bente Kamal Tune Md Al-Mamun Aram Mahmood Ahmed Huyen Phuc Do Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu Syed Anees Ahmed Haroon Ahmed Guodong Ding MD Faisal Ahmed Syed Mohamed Aljunid Zareen Fatima Nadeem Shafique Butt Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan

Publication Name: Lancet Respiratory Medicine

Publication Date: 2026-03-01

Volume: 14

Issue: 3

Page Range: 233-255

Description:

Background: Chronic respiratory diseases are an important global issue, particularly in Asia, where burden patterns vary widely across countries. With more than half the world's population living in Asia, understanding the national and regional burden of chronic respiratory diseases is essential; however, research on this area remains inadequate. We aimed to investigate the burden of chronic respiratory diseases in Asia at national and regional levels, and to identify key risk factors. Methods: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2023 provides estimates for assessing the burden of chronic respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumoconiosis, interstitial lung disease (ILD), and pulmonary sarcoidosis. We focused on 34 countries in Asia, encompassing the high-income Asia Pacific region and central, east, south, and southeast Asia. Estimates for age-standardised prevalence and disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) rates per 100 000 population, including 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), were extracted by location, sex, year, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI). The average annual percentage change was calculated and presented as a percentage with 95% CIs. Estimates of modifiable attributable risk factors for DALYs and mortality were also included. Findings: In Asia, the age-standardised prevalence and DALY rates for chronic respiratory diseases generally declined from 1990 to 2023; however, the trend varied substantially by disease and country. In 2023, the age-standardised prevalence rate of COPD was highest in south Asia (3044·18 [95% UI 2748·67–3303·04] per 100 000 population), while the age-standardised asthma prevalence rate was highest in the high-income Asia Pacific region (4870·24 [4046·70–5962·78] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia (4778·18 [3970·25–5735·61] per 100 000 population). Despite southeast Asia and the high-income Asia Pacific region having a similar age-standardised asthma prevalence rate, southeast Asia had a higher age-standardised DALY rate (508·67 [95% UI 394·89–669·92] per 100 000 population) compared with the high-income Asia Pacific region (204·40 [129·23–290·41] per 100 000 population). A decrease in the age-standardised DALY rate for chronic respiratory diseases was observed with increasing SDI, contrasting with its prevalence patterns. Age-standardised DALY rates of COPD decreased in all Asian countries except for Georgia (average annual percentage change 1·37 [95% CI 1·26–1·48]) and Kazakhstan (0·73 [0·55–0·93]), and age-standardised DALY rates of asthma decreased in all countries. Smoking and ambient particulate matter pollution were identified as leading attributable risk factors for chronic respiratory diseases across Asia. Household air pollution from solid fuels was a regionally pronounced risk factor for chronic respiratory diseases, particularly in south Asia (age-standardised DALY rate 657·58 [95% UI 485·04–880·45] per 100 000 population). Although smoking was a major risk factor in males, ambient particulate matter pollution and secondhand smoke emerged as important attributable risk factors for chronic respiratory diseases in females. Interpretation: Countries with lower SDI had markedly higher DALY rates, highlighting the need to address socioeconomic and health-care inequities. Household air pollution from solid fuels continues to impose a substantial but preventable burden in south Asia, calling for clean energy adoption and improved ventilation. Funding: Gates Foundation.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(25)00404-7

Global, regional, and national burden of meningitis, its risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990–2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023

Usha Adiga Emad M. Abdallah Dariush Abtahi Meriem Abdoun Eman Abu-Gharbieh Anirudh Balakrishna Acharya Mohd Adnan Mitra Abbasifard Victor Adekanmbi Asrat Agalu Abejew Oyelola A. Adegboye Samar Abd Elhafeez Jeza Muhamad Abdul Aziz Muhammad Sohail Afzal Nermeen Abu-Elala Auwal Abdullahi Khurshid Ahmad Rana Kamal Abu Farha Isaac Yeboah Addo Ahmad Y. Abuhelwa Nadin M.I. Abdel Razeq Sherief Abd-Elsalam Swetha Acharya Williams Agyemang-Duah Samir Abu Rumeileh Lucien R. Swetschinski Juliana Bunmi Adetunji Lisa C. Adams Fuad Hamdi A. Abuadas Madineh Abbasi Ali Ahmadi Omar Ahmed Abdelwahab Bright Opoku Ahinkorah Nurudeen A. Adegoke Ayman Ahmed Negar Sadat Ahmadi Rezheen Fatah Abdulrahman Danish Ahmad Meshack Achore Olumide Thomas Adeleke Olifan Zewdie Abil Armita Abedi Dina Abushanab Sawsan Abuhammad Mostafa M. Abdrabou Eve E. Wool David Adedia Kamoru Ademola Adedokun Muayyad M. Ahmad Aqeel Ahmad Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani Miracle Ayomikun Adesina Hedayat Abbastabar Tauseef Ahmad Hasan Aalruz Avina Vongpradith Mohammed Altigani Abdalla Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa Atman Adiba Chieh Han Sajjad Ahmad Gasha Salih Ahmed Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika Afolabi Rose Grace Bender Giuseppina Affinito Sepehr Aghajanian Richard Gyan Aboagye Rahim Abo Kasem Mohammad Amin Aalipour Sarah Brooke Sirota Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader Ahmed A.J. Jabbar Ridwan Olamilekan Adesola Arman Abdous Nagah M. Abourashed Zhanar Abu Toufik Abdul-Rahman Prince Owusu Adoma Gizachew Beykaso Agafari Regina Mae Villanueva Dominguez Hana J. Abukhadijah Abdullahi Tunde Aborode Ibrahim Banaru Abubakar Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed Sepideh Ahmadi Amir Mahmoud Ahmadzade Daniel T. Araki Hassan Abolhassani Aminu Kende Abubakar Idowu Peter Adewumi Faisal Ahmad Abisola Esther Abdulmalik Syed Hani Abidi Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani Amanda Movo Hasan Aalruz Haroon Ahmed Faezeh Abbaspour Krishna Prasad Acharya Suhaib Ahmad Zhanar Abu Abisola Esther Abdulmalik Olumide Abiodun Saira Afzal

Publication Name: Lancet Neurology

Publication Date: 2026-05-01

Volume: 25

Issue: 5

Page Range: 451-468

Description:

Background: Meningitis remains the leading infectious cause of neurological disabilities globally, disproportionately affecting children younger than 5 years and populations in the African meningitis belt. Whereas previous global estimates focused on ten pathogen categories, this study presents the most comprehensive analysis to date, assessing the meningitis burden attributable to 17 causative pathogens based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 framework. Methods: GBD is a systematic, scientific effort aimed at quantifying the comparative magnitude of health loss caused by diseases, injuries, and risk factors across age groups, sexes, and geographical locations over time. We estimated meningitis mortality using the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) and morbidity using DisMod-MR 2.1, incorporating data from vital registration, verbal autopsy, surveillance, hospital data, and systematic reviews. Aetiology-specific estimates were generated with pathogen-linked case-fatality ratios and splined binomial regression models. Risk factor attribution was based on established risk–outcome pairs and population attributable fractions. Findings: In 2023, there were 259 000 (95% uncertainty interval 202 000–335 000) global deaths and 2·54 million (2·20–2·93) incident cases of meningitis. Children younger than 5 years accounted for more than a third of deaths (86 600 [53 300–149 000]). Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, non-polio enteroviruses, and other viruses were the leading causes of death, while non-polio enteroviruses caused the most cases. The four WHO-defined preventable meningitis pathogens of interest (S pneumoniae, N meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Group B streptococcus) contributed to 98 700 deaths (77 000–127 000) and 594 000 cases (514 000–686 000). Low birthweight, short gestation, and household air pollution were the top risk factors for meningitis-related mortality. Interpretation: Although mortality and incidence have declined significantly since 1990, progress is insufficient to meet WHO 2030 targets. Despite marked progress in reducing bacterial meningitis via global vaccination campaigns, a substantial meningitis burden persists, attributable both to common pathogens such as S pneumoniae and N meningitidis and to emerging non-bacterial pathogens such as Candida spp and drug-resistant fungi. Achieving WHO goals will require sustained investment in surveillance, vaccination, maternal screening, and health-system strengthening, especially in high-burden settings. Funding: Gates Foundation, Wellcome Trust, and UK Department of Health and Social Care.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(26)00101-8

Updated trends in the global prevalence and burden of mental disorders, 1990–2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023

Usha Adiga Thilini Chanchala Agampodi Rasmieh Mustafa Al-Amer Marjan Ajami Mohd Adnan Omar Al Omari Fadwa Naji Alhalaiqa Salahdein Aburuz Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin Khurshid Ahmad Rana Kamal Abu Farha Isaac Yeboah Addo Ahmad Y. Abuhelwa Wole Akosile Irfan Ali Nader Al-Dewik Obed Adonteng-Kissi Damian F. Santomauro Lawan Hassan Adamu César Agostinis Sobrinho Nadin M.I. Abdel Razeq Williams Agyemang-Duah Sarah Wulf Hanson Ana M. Mantilla Herrera Shady Abohashem Fahmi Y. Al-Ashwal Tariq A. Alalwan Ayman Ahmed Prince Agwu Fahad D. Algahtani Deldar Morad Abdulah Negar Sadat Ahmadi Makinde Adebayo Adeniyi John J. McGrath Holly E. Erskine Mohammed Albashtawy Khurshid Alam Meshack Achore Olumide Thomas Adeleke Babatope Oluwadamilare Adebiyi Olifan Zewdie Abil Sawsan Abuhammad Abdulelah Mastour Aldhahir David Adedia Rafat Ali Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani Miracle Ayomikun Adesina Sarah Wulf Hanson Hedayat Abbastabar Tauseef Ahmad Oli Ahmed Hasan Aalruz James G. Scott Sajjad Ahmad Zenaw Debasu Addisu Hailey Hagins Jamileh Shadid Giuseppina Affinito Richard Gyan Aboagye Mesfin Abebe Navidha Aggarwal Ali Abdolizadeh David Adzrago Ali M. Alfalki Kamran Ali Kasuni H.M. Akalanka Mohammed Usman Ali Hana J. Abukhadijah Abdullah Alarifi Abdullahi Tunde Aborode Khabir Ahmad Mohammad T. Abuawwad Amani Alansari Habeeb Abiodun Afolabi Ashley E. Akrami Saheed Ayodeji Adekola Moaz Elsayed Abouelmagd Aminu Kende Abubakar Meqdad Saleh Ahmed Paul Anthony Miller Anh Vo Habtamu Abebe Getahun Ashraf Alhumaidi Nuhu Lawan Adamu Nesredin Ahmed Abisola Esther Abdulmalik Mohammad Daud Ali Tajudeen Adesanmi Adebisi Mohammad Ahmmad Mahmoud Al Zoubi Ahmed Abdelrahman Abdelgalil Aram Mahmood Ahmed Hasan Aalruz Syed Anees Ahmed Adamu Adamu Ahmad Suhaib Ahmad Abisola Esther Abdulmalik Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga Meklit Girma Abebe Dhikroh Oriyomi Adekola Fahmi Y. Al-Ashwal Darius Jake Roy Salah Al Awaidy Muhammad Nadeem Akhtar Ali Ahmed

Publication Name: Lancet

Publication Date: 2026-05-23

Volume: 407

Issue: 10543

Page Range: 2040-2064

Description:

Background The 2023 iteration of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) estimated prevalence, incidence, and health burden for 375 diseases and injuries, including 12 mental disorders. We assess past, current, and emerging trends in the prevalence and burden of mental disorders across sexes and age groups, for 21 regions, 204 countries and territories, and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile, from 1990 to 2023. Methods Mental disorders included in GBD 2023 were anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, conduct disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, idiopathic developmental intellectual disability, and a residual category of other mental disorders. A literature review identified epidemiological data for each disorder. These were analysed via a Bayesian meta-regression to estimate prevalence by disorder, sex, age, location, and year. Disorder-specific prevalence was multiplied by disability weights representing the severity of health loss associated with each disorder to estimate years lived with disability (YLDs). Deaths due to anorexia nervosa were assessed with a Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to estimate deaths by sex, age, location, and year, and then multiplied by the standard life expectancy at age of death to estimate years of life lost (YLLs). YLDs equalled disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for all mental disorders except anorexia nervosa (the only mental disorder considered as an underlying cause of death in GBD), for which DALYs represented the sum of YLDs and YLLs. We presented prevalence, deaths, YLDs, YLLs, and DALYs as counts, age-specific rates per 100 000 population, and age-standardised rates per 100 000 population. Findings We estimated 1·17 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1·06–1·31) prevalent cases of mental disorders globally in 2023, equivalent to an age-standardised prevalence rate of 14 210·7 cases (12 849·5–15 940·1) per 100 000 population. These estimates represented a 95·5% (75·0–121·2) increase in prevalent cases and 24·2% (11·4–41·4) increase in age-standardised prevalence rate between 1990 and 2023. All mental disorders showed increases in prevalent cases between 1990 and 2023, while notable increases were seen in age-standardised prevalence rates for anxiety disorders, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, schizophrenia, and conduct disorder. There were an estimated 171 million (127–228) DALYs due to mental disorders globally across sex and age in 2023, equivalent to an age-standardised DALY rate of 2070·5 DALYs (1519·1–2750·5) per 100 000 population. Mental disorders contributed to 6·1% (4·8–7·6) of all-cause DALYs in 2023, making them the fifth leading cause of global DALYs (up from 12th in 1990). DALYs were almost entirely composed of YLDs. Mental disorders were the leading cause of YLDs in 2023 (up from second in 1990), explaining 17·3% (14·8–20·6) of all-cause global YLDs. Leading causes of mental disorder DALYs were anxiety disorders (ranked 11th among the 304 diseases and injuries at Level 4 of the GBD cause hierarchy), major depressive disorder (15th), and schizophrenia (41st). Globally in 2023, mental disorder age-standardised DALY rates were higher among females (2239·6 [1643·7–3014·1] per 100 000) than among males (1900·2 [1399·8–2510·8] per 100 000), and peaked in the 15–19 years age group (2617·3 [1850·6–3696·8] per 100 000). All locations showed increased mental disorder DALY rates in 2023 compared with 1990, ranging across countries and territories from 1302·4 (952·7–1683·7) per 100 000 in Viet Nam to 3555·8 (2661·9–4715·0) per 100 000 in the Netherlands. Across SDI quintiles, DALY rates ranged from 1853·0 (1352·1–2469·3) per 100 000 for middle SDI to 2184·1 (1606·1–2890·3) per 100 000 for high SDI. Interpretation A significant health burden was imposed by mental disorders in all countries and territories in 2023, irrespective of the health resources available. In some instances, this burden has increased over time and is unevenly distributed across populations. Stronger surveillance systems, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries, are required. Additionally, we need more coordinated and inclusive policies to reduce the burden through early treatment and prevention, tailored to sex and age differences across locations. Responding to the mental health needs of our global population, especially those most vulnerable, is an obligation, not a choice. Funding Gates Foundation, Queensland Health, and University of Queensland.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00519-2