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Some basic questions of measurement and measurement theory

Dusek Tamás

Publication Name: Statisztikai Szemle

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 102

Issue: 2

Page Range: 107-157

Description:

Statistical analysis has a special relationship to measurement. For it, measurement and measurement theory not only provide the data on which analysis is based, but are also a source of important uncertainties in theoretical, methodological and applied research. A detailed presentation of measurement issues is therefore justified, together with the different approaches and the arguments behind them. After a careful discussion of the everyday and scientific meanings of measurement, the paper deals with the different meanings and conceptions of measurement, and then turn to the drastic change in meaning in social statistics in the mid-20th century. Then the theory of measurement scales, their criticism and proposals for expansion will be discussed, and finally some of the specific aspects of Likert-type statements that cannot be placed within the framework of measurement scales will be examined. One of the conclusions of the paper is that the Stevens system of measurement scales cannot be regarded as an adequate description of data types.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.20311/stat2024.02.hu0107

SOCIAL EXPENDITURE MULTIPLIER: ASSESSMENT OF ECONOMIC EFFECT AND OPTIMAL VALUES

Halyna Mishchuk Svitlana Bilan Halyna Yurchyk Marinko Skare

Publication Name: Economics and Sociology

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 17

Issue: 1

Page Range: 182-195

Description:

The main aim of the study is to test the hypothesis that social expenditures are not only a source of social support and budgeting of the social sphere, but can be a significant lever of economic development, provided proper planning of their share and volume. In this regard, the authors have adapted the open-economy multiplier to assess the economic effect of social expenditures. Based on the correlation analysis of the relationship between the share of social expenditures (% of GDP) and the multiplier of social expenditures, conducted on the example of EU countries, two groups of countries are identified depending on the impact of social expenditure multiplier on GDP: the first one embraces those countries that are characterized by a growing economic return from social expenditures; the second one is where the return is declining. To determine the optimal levels of social expenditures, which can be expected to have a positive economic effect in the form of GDP growth, we have identified critical limits of the multiplier of social expenditures according to the principle: the maximum value is seen in the group of countries with positive impact; the minimal one is experienced in countries with inverse dependence of the share of social expenditures and their multiplier. As a result, the experience of financing social expenditures in the EU leads to the conclusion that the optimal share of social expenditures in GDP ranges from 28% to 30% – within these limits multiplier values exceed 1.0, i.e. there is a positive impact of social expenditures on GDP in the form of the growth of economic results over the resources consumed.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.14254/2071-789X.2024/17-1/12

Consumer Perceptions in the Alternative Fuel Vehicle Market: A Systematic Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis †

Nikolett Gyurián Nagy Nikolett Gyurián Nagy

Publication Name: Engineering Proceedings

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 79

Issue: 1

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

The use of alternative fuels is a crucial element in achieving global sustainability, as it plays a pivotal role in reducing the environmental impact of the transport sector. This study aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic review of the literature on consumer knowledge and awareness of alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs) in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines and bibliometric analysis. The findings indicate that electric vehicles represent the dominant focus of AFV research, while other technologies receive minimal attention. The study underscores the necessity for targeted information strategies to address consumer misconceptions and overcome market barriers, thereby facilitating the growth of AFV market share. This research offers insights that can inform future studies, policy decisions, and industry stakeholders in promoting sustainable transport choices.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/engproc2024079041

Complex Framework for Condition Assessment of Residential Buildings

Adam Bukovics Ferenc Lilik Balazs Lukacs Ĺaszĺo T. Ḱoczy

Publication Name: Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 444

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 97-108

Description:

In the big cities of Europe large-scale construction of apartment buildings took place at the end of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century. In the process, buildings were created based on unique plans, but very similar to each other, containing similar technological solutions and built from similar building materials. Over the past 100 years, some of the buildings have been continuously maintained, while the condition of other buildings has deteriorated significantly. The renovation of these buildings has now become necessary and in many cases, unavoidable. In the current economic and energy situation, it is important that maintenance or conversion is carried out in a sustainable manner to the necessary extent. The method and extent of the interventions can be provided in a uniform manner with help of a computer system. We have developed a condition assessment and decision support model and algorithm that can be used for this purpose. We call it Complex Building’s Decision Support System based on Fuzzy Signatures (CBDF system). We use fuzzy signature-based model to handle uncertainties, inaccuracies and possibly missing data that occur during the condition assessment. The presented decision model prepares the status assessment based on 4 main components (project info, knowledge base, preparatory work process, fuzzy system). After defining the objectives (e.g., general condition assessment, evaluation from the perspective of accident prevention, examination of the possibility of roof installation), the system requests the necessary data and generates the fuzzy signature required for the condition assessment of the given building. Based on the input data for the specific project and the knowledge base, the decision model searches for failures and anomalies in the building based on the preparatory work process, manages the existing uncertainties and inaccuracies, and determines the load bearing surplus of the examined load bearing structures. Using the existing information and conclusions, based on various fuzzy set-based descriptors and aggregation operators, the condition assessment is prepared, and then, if necessary, the intervention proposal as well. The final goal of the decision model is to put a tool in the hands of experts examining the condition of buildings, which can be used to prepare uniform and objective assessments (also suitable for ranking) and to reduce error in condition assessment.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-48461-2_9

Emerging Importance of Supply Chain Attitudes

Péter Németh Andrea Rankl

Publication Name: Chemical Engineering Transactions

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 114

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 1015-1020

Description:

The nature of relationships within supply chains and understanding the dynamics of interactions between the supply chain members are key factors in today's globalised economy, where speed, efficiency and flexibility in the flow of goods and information are crucial. Improving the efficiency of supply chains and managing their inherent risks has become one of today's most pressing economic challenges, directly affecting not only the competitiveness of companies but also the achievement of sustainability goals. To better understand those relations among companies, a deeper understanding of the attitudes of the different supply chains is inevitable. This paper is the inaugural work towards this research. Analysing attitudes towards relationships within supply chains is a critical aspect of understanding interactions between companies and the performance of networks. Digital transformation, depth of customer integration, relationship engagement, and efficiency in joint problem-solving are factors that have a significant impact on supply chain flexibility and performance. To achieve sustainability and resilience, companies need to adopt adaptive and proactive strategies that can address environmental, social and economic challenges and anticipate and respond to future market changes. The projected aim is to understand the attitude of the organisation as an independent entity, not as an attitude generated by the individuals of the management.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3303/CET24114170

Benchmark Analysis of Plastic Strain-Based Lifetime Estimation Fatigue Models in Aspect of SMD Component Standoff Height

Ambrus Zelei Antal Bakonyi

Publication Name: Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 59

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 128-134

Description:

Thermomechanical fatigue is one of the most common cause of the failure in microelectronic technology in the solder joints. The lifetime prediction for microelectronic components is a very important area in nowadays automotive industry, because the lifetime estimation fatigue models in the literature differ in their results by orders of magnitude. However, developing an accurate lifetime estimation methodology for microelectronic components is not straightforward, because the failure mechanism of the solder joints under cyclic thermomechanical load is not fully understood. In addition, there are numerous tolerances and uncertainties during the designing and manufacturing processes, such as component size, copper pad area, solder material volume or the formed standoff height of the component from the copper pad. These parameters can hugely affect the lifetime of the solder joint. In this paper a benchmark analysis based on finite element method were carried out with four plastic strain-based fatigue models to understand the impact of the standoff height to the estimated lifetimes. Three CAD models were created with identical parameters, except the standoff height of the components. Creating the solder geometries for the 3D models, Surface Evolver software were used. The result shows that the fatigue models give the same tendencies varying the standoff height values. However, changing the standoff height increases the differences between models, even if they are tuned so that the estimated lifetime matches for a certain standoff height.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3233/ATDE240536

Mechanical Studies of Subperiosteal Implants

Ibolya Zsoldos K. Kulcsár

Publication Name: Periodica Polytechnica Mechanical Engineering

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 68

Issue: 1

Page Range: 53-62

Description:

When designing subperiosteal implants, mechanical testing of the implant and abutment is inevitable. Subperiosteal implants and their abutments are medical devices made to order, so each implant requires a separate design, since each patient has a different bone surface, for which the implant must be designed. For the mechanical testing of subperiosteal implants, a new test apparatus was constructed, on which mechanical simulations were carried out, the subperiosteal implants were tested together with their abutments. In addition to the finite element analysis simulation, the test apparatus can also be used to determine how much force is generated by the chewing force on the subperiosteal implant and its abutment as a result of the chewing mechanism.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3311/PPme.23706

Adaptive Highway Traffic Management: A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Variable Speed Limit Control with Random Anomalies

Bálint Kővári Bálint Pelenczei István Gellért Knáb László Palkovics Tamás Bécsi

Publication Name: Proceedings of the International Conference on Informatics in Control Automation and Robotics

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 2

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 117-124

Description:

Efficient traffic flow management on highway scenarios is crucial for ensuring safety and minimizing emissions through the reduction of so-called shockwave effects. In this paper, we propose a novel approach based on cooperative Multi Agent Reinforcement Learning for optimizing traffic flow, utilizing Variable Speed Limit Control in dynamic simulation environments with random anomalies. Our method leverages Reinforcement Learning to adaptively adjust speed limits on distinct road sections in response to alternating traffic conditions, thereby improving not only general traffic flow parameters, but also reducing sustainability measures overall. Through extensive simulations in a Simulation of Urban MObility environment, we demonstrate the superiority of our approach in enhancing traffic flow efficiency and robustness compared to alternative solutions found in literature. Our findings reveal an enhanced performance of RL-based VSL control over traditional approaches due to its generalizability, which contributes to the progression of Intelligent Transportation Systems by presenting a proactive and adaptable resolution for highway traffic management within dynamic real-world contexts.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.5220/0012920700003822

Unmasking Greenwashing: Mapping Hijacked Medicine Journals to the Sustainable Development Goals

Lóránt Dávid Mehdi Dadkhah Mihály Hegedűs

Publication Name: Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 14

Issue: 4

Page Range: 729-736

Description:

Purpose: Hijacked journals are journals managed by cybercriminals that mimic the original journal and publish manuscripts without peer review, charging a fee to the author. Although there is literature on hijacked journals, there is a gap in the content of published papers in the hijacked journals. This study aims to analyze the content of published papers in hijacked journals to assess their alignment with various Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Methods: About 21 medicine journals have been investigated and about 3300 published manuscripts in them analyzed in terms of SDGs using the text-based analyzing method. Results: The findings indicated that published manuscripts fit in the categories of SDG 01, SDG 03, SDG 11, and SDG 16 where SDG-03 is most dominant. Conclusion: The awareness about the problem of hijacked journals is critical, especially for developing countries, to eliminate the negative effects of these journals. It is the first research that discusses the negative effect of hijacked journals by considering SDGs and sheds light on the phenomenon.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.34172/apb.43763