To demonstrate that companies are operating in a sustainable way, in line with the European Green Deal and the Taxonomy Regulation, some companies have already produced sustainability reports. Agricultural companies should also be prepared for this reporting obligation, which can cause considerable difficulties for farmers, so it is assumed that this is not yet common practice. In this research, the sustainability reporting practices of agricultural and forestry companies in Hungary were assessed and analysed. The research sought to find out what the current reporting practices of these companies are and how prepared they are for future regulation. In this paper, the information provided by companies on their websites and after personal contact was analysed using content analysis. The qualitative information gathered was quantified using a scoring method. For evaluating the data, descriptive statistics and pairwise correlation coefficients were applied. It is concluded that although forestry companies publish some level of information and pay more attention to the disclosure of this type of information than agricultural companies, there is a slight gap in both sectors. Moreover, almost a fifth of agricultural companies do not have any information on their websites. This is likely to change in the future, as the sustainability reporting legislation will broaden the range of companies that are required to report, so improvements in this field are expected.

In areas where the tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) appears and multiplies, the original vegetation degrades and transforms. The invasive tree of heaven is also of great importance in urban environments, where it causes building damage, static problems and endangers utilities. Ailanthus pollen concentration was measured during the 3-year period 2018–2020 at three county capitals (Kaposvár, Szekszárd, Pécs) of the South Transdanubia region, Hungary (Somogy county, Tolna county and Baranya county), with a 7-day Hirst-type (Burkard) pollen trap. The extent of the prevalence of A. altissima can be deduced from its pollen concentration. For this purpose, multi-year pollen data are displayed on a result map in which areas characterized by different pollen concentrations are represented by colour codes. The mass appearance of A. altissima is a serious problem in almost all areas (national parks, forests, inner city zones and towns), where its control/eradication would cost millions of euros. Pollen monitoring provides information on the size of A. altissima stands and provide a basis for proposals and plans for measures to control this invasive tree species and mitigate the damage caused by it.

University-industry collaboration in R&D has great potential as a partnership that promotes sustainable development. This article aims to confirm that university-industry collaboration in R&D contributes to reducing the size of informal economy and strengthening sustainable development. Correlation and causal analysis are applied to achieve this goal: Shapiro-Wilk test, Pearson’s and Spearman correlation methods, vector autoregression and Granger causality test are used on the basis of STATA software for a cross-country sample of 10 countries with the highest Sustainable Development Index over 2011-2018. Research results show that stronger university-industry R&D collaboration contributes to more robust sustainable development in 6 out of 10 sample countries and shrinking informal economy in 4 out of 10 countries. In turn, growth of the informal economy leads to a decrease in university-industry R&D collaboration in 5 out of 10 countries and inhibits sustainable development in 7 out of 10 countries. In conclusion, policymakers should transform the national policy and strategy to emphasize and strengthen R&D cooperation between the universities and the industry.

Stationary heating devices can be used to warm up the coolant of an internal combustion engine or the cabin air of a vehicle. This kind of heat engine transforms the chemical energy content of liquid fuels into heat energy. The combustion process and the emission of such a device is in focus in this study, which would be the first part in a greater project in the field. Therefore, some relevant parameters have been established. Relevant cycles have been chosen for the kinds of heat engines. It means a normal mode cycle for the stationary device and a WLTC cycle in the case of the direct injection gasoline engine. Fuel used was the same for both. This heat transfer process is such, that the combustion seems to be quite simple and rough in the stationary device compared to that of in internal combustion engine. This means an inhomogenous combustion with non-premixed flame at a low combustion temperature. This situation affects the emission characteristic accordingly, so causes low NOx and relatively high particle relevant emission comes out from the device. As far as the device's particle relevant emission is concerned it would be suitable for further investigation described at the end of the article.

There are different definitions and conceptual approaches to ‘green jobs’ (‘green’ meaning to be related to the environmental pillar of sustainability). It is generally accepted that green jobs are those that contribute in some way to the preservation or restoration of the natural environment. The conceptual diversity also creates many difficulties in measuring them, mainly because they do not constitute a clearly defined sector of the labor market. In this study, the authors first compared conceptual approaches with corporate communication. The research is exploratory in nature, so at this stage, the authors looked at companies where communication with employees is considered to be a key issue (these companies are referred to as 'leading companies'). They were defined as having won for two consecutive years at least one of the awards/recognitions studied. The authors looked for ‘green’ attributes among the ‘leading companies’ in online job advertisements. The novelty of the research lies in the detailed analysis of green jobs and green-collar jobs and the labor market communication of these concepts, which may also answer the question of whether the green attributes of the jobs or the jobs themselves are attractive to prospective employees. The most important finding of the research is that the "green idea" is rarely mentioned in job advertisements of the companies surveyed. In line with the literature, the results show that even leading companies do not use sustainability as a message to attract employees.

Introduction. The aim of research is to examine the knowledge about plant-based diets, what beliefs and misconceptions exist about plant-based diets (PBDs), and how these differ between lifestyle groups among Hungarian females. Materials and methods. Data were collected through an online survey on social media. These data were processed using univariate statistics (general description of the sample), exploratory factor analysis (identification of healthy lifestyles), cluster analysis (segmentation purposes), chi-square statistics (cluster profiling), F-statistics (comparing attitudes toward PBDs), and cross tabulation (knowledge and perceptions of PBDs). Results and discussion. Four health-related lifestyle dimensions (health-conscious eating, mindfulness, carbohydrate avoidance, red meat avoidance) were identified, and four segments emerged (healthy food choosers, red meat avoiders, stress-free women, rejecters). Healthy food choosers (40.9%) prioritize healthy eating, avoid sugary snacks, and monitor carbohydrate intake. Red meat avoiders (27.9%) are neutral about healthy eating, but avoid red meat and processed foods; don't focus on carbohydrates. Stress-free women (20.8%) value mindfulness, relaxation, and outdoor physical activity for a stress-free life. Rejecters (10.4%) have a negative attitude toward healthy eating, mindfulness, carbohydrates, and red meat. Red meat avoiders live in the capital city, eat fruits and vegetables more often or at least once a day. Rejecters live in villages and eat fruits and vegetables every 4–5 days in a week or do not eat fruits and vegetables in a week. Healthy eaters eat fruits and vegetables more times a day. Stress-free people eat fruits and vegetables every 2–3 days in a week. They differed in their knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of PBDs. 72.1% of healthy food choosers, 84.8% of red meat avoiders, 75.8% of stress-free people and 71.9% of rejecters thought that plant-based diet was similar to vegan and vegetarian diet. The attitudes range from “may have health benefits for certain diseases” as the attitude with the highest mean level of agreement (4.26), especially among red meat avoiders, to “encourages diary consumption” as the attitude with the lowest mean level of agreement (1.69), especially among red meat avoiders. Red meat avoiders, healthy food choosers, and stress-free women had more positive attitudes toward PBDs than did rejecters. The majority of females were thinking about trying out PBDs. Red meat avoiders, healthy eaters, and stress-free women had more positive attitudes toward PBD than did rejecters. Healthy eaters perceived PBD as healthy. Red meat avoiders perceived the plant-based diet as healthy, safe, varied, exciting, environmentally friendly, and a complete diet. Stress-free women thought the plant-based diet was unhealthy and environmentally unfriendly. Rejecters attached more negative attributes to the PBD. They perceived the meatless diet as unhealthy, dangerous, monotonous, boring, environmentally unfriendly, difficult to digest, and malnutrition. Conclusions The results contribute to the literature by adding empirical evidence to the emerging trends (PBD, vegan, vegetarian diets), as well as generating suggestions for nutrition and dietetics professionals and the government, as targeted marketing programs can be planned to change dietary behavior.

Modern society requires that the food industry reconsider packaging and evolve towards sustainable alternatives. The paper's aim is to present the special endogenous factors characteristic of SME (Small and medium-sized enterprises) family business decision-making in relation to capacity expansion. The efforts of ten SME family businesses in the Hungarian food industry related to packaging materials are presented through a case study, in-depth interviews, and cost analysis. The results show that all participants in the food chain realized that making packaging materials recyclable is essential for sustainable development. To this end, packaging material manufacturers have started to develop and now offer many alternatives of environmentally friendly and recyclable packaging materials for food industry companies. It is an important aspect for food industry companies that these environmentally friendly packaging materials have the same freshness-keeping capabilities as the previous ones. In many cases, the new environmentally friendly packaging materials require the purchase of new machines, and the new machines require the training of the workers. It can be concluded that there is a close connection between recyclable packaging and capacity expansion: the use of environmentally friendly recyclable packaging materials becomes a process of capacity expansion in the case of SME family businesses in the Hungarian food industry as well.

The compressor wheels used in turbochargers have typically been made of aluminium alloy for decades. The primary reason is to achieve the lowest possible rotor inertia. However, while in the past this component was only encountered with filtered air, nowadays, due to developments in compliance with tightening emission standards, various fluids also collide with the spinning blades, which can cause mechanical damage. One such fluid is condensed water in the low-pressure exhaust gas channel (LP-EGR) formulated at cold starts and low-load conditions. This kind of design has been developed to reduce the nitrogen oxide emission and is used in both Otto and Diesel engines. This paper presents a testing method - implemented on a component testbench - and its results for this phenomenon. First, the effect of the volume flow of the condensed water colliding with the spinning blades was analyzed, and then, in addition to a constant volume flow, the speed dependence of the degree of damage was also determined. Next to the visual inspections, the physical changes on the blades were also detected by vibration diagnostic tools, mainly by analyzing the amplitude of the order correlated to the number of blades, from which we can deduce the changed balance level of the rotor.

Background: Sows are exposed to severe stress and hormonal challenges during their whole productive life. As polyunsaturated fatty acids play an important role in immune and reproductive functions, with a better understanding of their role in breeding sows’ nutrition, improved performance and more sustainable pig production can be achieved. Objectives: In this study, we investigated the effects of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on the antioxidant status and hormone levels of sows. Methods: A total of 48 Danish Large white × Danish Landrace sows were supplemented either with sunflower oil (SO) as a control group or with fish oil (FO) as experimental group at the same dose of 10 g/kg feed. Blood samples were collected on day 14 of lactation, 5 days after weaning (insemination), and 30 days after insemination. To estimate antioxidant and reproductive effects, the amounts of reduced glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), serum 17β oestradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), and 6-keto prostaglandin F1α (6-keto PGF1α) levels were investigated. Results: FO-based supplementation increased GPx activity on day 14 of lactation. Five days after weaning, the concentration of GSH in FO-fed sows was significantly higher than that in SO-fed sows. The E2 content of blood was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group for two of the three examined periods (day 14 of lactation and 30 days after insemination), whereas P4 levels were significantly higher in the experimental group 5 days after weaning. We found that 6-keto PGF1α levels were systematically lower in the experimental group throughout the trial. Conclusions: This study provides evidence of the major impact of omega-6 and -3 fatty acids on the tested hormone levels, which serve as precursors for the production of E2 and P4 but have an opposite effect on PGF2α production.