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Found 6289 publications
Football and Politics in Twentieth-Century Hungary
Publication Name: International Journal of the History of Sport
Publication Date: 2019-02-11
Volume: 36
Issue: 2-3
Page Range: 131-148
Description:
In the eastern part of Europe football has always been in close relationship with the political sphere. As the most popular sport it was always a state affair in this area. In the countries surrounded by enemies and rivals suffering from inferiority complex, politics sometimes tried to use soccer as a means of legitimacy and propaganda. The nationalist political elites tried to exploit the political potentials of football. During the dualistic era (1867–1918) soccer was represented in Hungary as the symbol of cultural superiority especially in contrast to Austria; in the inter-war period it was an expression of symbolizing being European, the wish to belong to Western Europe and an evidence of Hungarians’ greatness in opposition to neighbouring countries. In the hands of totalitarian socialist powers, soccer became an even more important political vehicle in order to prove the superiority of socialism above capitalism, to legitimate dictatorship by exploitation football results as the regime’s own victories, and it could channel the sentiments and passions of the people. During ‘soft dictatorship’ of Kádár-era the political control over football remained unchanged, however influence was rather indirect and less drastic.
Open Access: Yes
A családi otthonteremtési kedvezmény költségvetési terheinek előreszámítása, 2020–2040
Publication Name: Statisztikai Szemle
Publication Date: 2019-02-01
Volume: 97
Issue: 2
Page Range: 192-212
Description:
Decrease in the willingness of childbearing is an international phenomenon that afflicts Hungary just like any other country. Following the consolidation after the 2007/2008 crisis, new types of economic policy tools have been introduced in Hungary to improve birth rates. In consent with the arguments of former international research, the study assumes that although the factors affecting birth rates are wider than fiscal incentives, the government is able to have a considerable effect on achieving the required rate of reproduction via home settlement subsidies, and for this purpose, it has to ensure fiscal sustainability. The paper aims at providing an outlook for the period 2020–2040, in respect of the possible fiscal obligations of the family home settlement benefit that is an important pillar of the Hungarian family subsidising regime. Demographic data and the regulation for family home settlement benefit serve as the model computation framework. The calculations demonstrate that the family subsidising regime imposes sustainable commitments to the fiscal budget, and may change the birth rate trends favourably.
Open Access: Yes
Str diversity of a historical sheep breed bottlenecked, the cikta
Publication Name: Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences
Publication Date: 2019-02-01
Volume: 29
Issue: 1
Page Range: 41-47
Description:
The population structure of the endangered Cikta sheep breed was evaluated by means of nine microsatellite polymorphisms. Seventy-two individuals from three flocks were sampled to determine genetic indices in the Hungarian population. Overall, average observed and effective allele numbers were 5.63 and 3.76, respectively. Discriminant analysis based on genotype frequencies revealed moderate genetic diversity among Cikta flocks, since only three loci (OarCP49, CSSM47 and OarHH41) contributed significantly (P<0.05) to differences between subpopulations. Low squared Mahalanobis distances from group centroids also confirmed that the breed is almost equally represented by the three flocks. Moderate level of diversity between flocks was attributed to the long-term effects of a population bottleneck dating back to the 1970s. Negative average FIS value (-0.18) indicated heterozygote excess. Chi-squared tests identified significant (P<0.05) deviation from HWE in the case of BM8125, CSSM47, and MAF214 markers. Continuous microsatellite information is required for the preservation of rare alleles and diversity in Cikta sheep.
Open Access: Yes
DOI: DOI not available
Changes in disability, reduced working ability and rehabilitation benefits in Hungary between 1990 and 2015
Publication Name: Orvosi Hetilap
Publication Date: 2019-02-01
Volume: 160
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: 29-36
Description:
Introduction: In our study, based on the data of the last 25 years, we analyzed the changes in the cash benefits paid to people with reduced working capacity, currently accounting for nearly 30% of the budget of the National Health Insurance Fund of Hungary. Aim: The purpose of our study is to compare the statistical data of the past 25 years and the changes in the legal environment. Methods: Our research was based on the data series of the National Health Insurance Fund of Hungary and the Hungarian Central Statistical Office as well as on the public finance reports of the State Audit Office of Hungary and the Ministry for National Economy. For the period under review, we analyzed the extent of the cash benefits paid to people with reduced working capacity, the measures taken to reduce these benefits, and the related legal background. In the long term, we examined the relevant dimension of the complex sociological processes in the background as well as the medical evaluation of the changed working ability. Results: In the last 25 years, benefits (annuity, retirement) paid under different denominations (disability, work ability reduction, health impairment, rehabilitation benefit) are still a decisive part of the health insurance budget (HUF 315 billion in 2016). Serious efforts have been made to replace the previously funded system of invalidity pension and annuity system, with the complex medical, occupational, and social rehabilitation, maintenance and improvement of the remaining state of health. The purpose of the measures is essentially to reduce budget expenditures and to improve the utilization of the amount paid on rehabilitation benefits. Conclusion: The sociological changes that occurred during the long period of time regrettably helped to initially increase the number of recipients of invalidity benefits, to stabilize them at a high level and to have a significant burden on the budget. This could not be counterbalanced by the rehabilitation approach of money supply either.
Open Access: Yes
Health insurance pharmaceutical expenditures in Hungary
Publication Name: Orvosi Hetilap
Publication Date: 2019-02-01
Volume: 160
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: 49-54
Description:
Introduction: In Hungary, health expenditures –especially the question of health insurance subsidies for medicinal products –are becoming increasingly important. Aim: The aim of our analysis is to reveal the state's health insurance expenditure between 2010 and 2016 as well as the amount of health insurance subsidies for medicinal products. Data and methods: Data were derived from the database of the National Health Insurance Fund of Hungary and of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office. During the analysis we examined the period between 2010 and 2016. We analysed the health expenditures in proportion to the gross domestic product (GDP) as well as the changes of drug traffic based on gross consumer prices and those of health insurance subsidies, and also our regional inequalities. When writing the present study, we used descriptive statistical methods. Results: The expenditures of the National Health Insurance Fund of Hungary significantly increased as proportions of the GDP from 5.5% in 2010 to 6.1% in 2016. The health insurance subsidies for medicinal products increased since 2013. The highest health insurance subsidies per 10 000 inhabitants could be seen in Baranya (405 788 HUF/ inhabitant) and Csongrád (384 724 HUF/inhabitant) counties and in Budapest (377 316 HUF/inhabitant). The lowest health insurance subsidies were found in Nógrád (289 168 HUF/inhabitant) and Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg (271 104 HUF/inhabitant) counties. Conclusion: The trends of health and drug expenditure show a growing tendency. We can find significant regional inequalities in case of both the drug traffic based on gross consumer prices and the health insurance subsidies. It would be needed to strengthen the elements of prevention, and to popularize health-conscious lifestyle and doing sports.
Open Access: Yes
Social services in the social security system of family support
Publication Name: Orvosi Hetilap
Publication Date: 2019-02-01
Volume: 160
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: 43-48
Description:
Introduction and aim: In my study, analysing the data available from the change of the regime to the present day, from among the social services, I examine the changes of the financial support relating to children and its parts which are currently financed from the budget of the National Health Insurance Fund of Hungary, with special emphasis on the Child Care Benefit and the Child Care Allowance and their modifications. Data and methods: Within the framework of our research, we analyze – through data from the National Health Insurance Fund of Hungary, the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Hungarian State Treasury as well as on the basis of literature review – the social financial support and its changes, within the family policy system. Results: Hungarian family policy is still driven by the attitude of staying at home for three years with the child. The long period spent at home with the children fundamentally affects the adjustment of mothers to the labour market which has a direct effect on the economic productivity. Even though according to the current regulations, mothers are allowed to work full-time besides receiving child care allowance after their child fills 6 months, part-time employment and telework is still in its infancy compared to the Western-European countries. Based on our research, high percentage of families go for the child care benefit directly after the birth of the child thus not participating in the labour market processes. Besides if they do participate, the percentage of employment on minimal wage is still very high which means that in 2016–2017 36% of families with two breadwinners and two children were forced to survive on subsistence income. Conclusion: In the examined period, we found that social and family policy changes unfortunately were not able to react sufficiently to the demographic challenges despite Hungary spending significantly more on family policy than other European and OECD countries.
Open Access: Yes
A rule-based expert system for automatic question classification in mathematics adaptive assessment on indonesian elementary school environment
Publication Name: International Journal of Innovative Computing Information and Control
Publication Date: 2019-02-01
Volume: 15
Issue: 1
Page Range: 143-161
Description:
This paper is part of research in developing a competency-based assessment system for mathematics in Indonesian elementary school environment. An essential task is to accurately classify questions based on competency and difficulty level. Thus, an expert system is needed to classify those questions since competency information is often manually defined by experts. The objectives of this work are replacing a human expert’s role in the related knowledge engineering process and providing a rule-based expert system to supersede an expert to classify the questions. Five types of the rule-based algorithm: OneR, RIPPER, PART, FURIA, and J48, were applied to the dataset, which is comprised of 9454 real mathematics examination questions collected from several Indonesian elementary schools. Following the knowledge engineering principles, these algorithms generated the classification rules based on a pattern of the data. The rules of the best performing algorithm were utilized by a knowledge base for inference. Finally, to be able to fully measure the system performance, ten expert teachers were involved in the question classification step. The results confirm that the system meets the stated objectives in classifying the competency and the difficulty level of a question automatically.
Open Access: Yes
Sick-pay trends of the National Health Insurance Fund of Hungary between 1997 and 2017
Publication Name: Orvosi Hetilap
Publication Date: 2019-02-01
Volume: 160
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: 37-42
Description:
Introduction: The role of sick-pay is to compensate for loss of wage in case of incapacity for work, to ensure that there will be no break in the existential state of the incapacitated person. Aim: The purpose of our research was to examine data on sickness benefit and payroll data for the period 1997–2017. Data and methods: Our research was based on the data of the National Health Insurance Fund of Hungary, the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, the State Audit Office of Hungary and the Hungarian State Treasury as well as on the background reports of the European Commission's Social Protection Committee and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), and it is based on the legal environment of sick-pay. Results: In 1997, there were 119 000 of 3.558 million, in 1998 114 000 of 3.530 million, in 1999 115 000 of 3.433 million, in 2000 112 000 of 3.465 million, in 2006 100 000 of 3.523 million, in 2012 55 000 of 3.769 million entitled people on sick leave on average per day. In 2017, the number of entitled persons increased to 4.018 million, while the average number of sick days per day was 70 000. According to data from gender and age-based analysis, in most cases, women with childbearing were on sick-leave, the proportion of males was higher in relation to industrial accident. Between 2014 and 2016, the proportion of women on sick leave per day was 59–60%, while the major reason for sick-pay among men was the industrial accident. The distribution by age did not change significantly. In 2014–2015, the age-group 30–34, while in 2016 the age-group 35–39 had the highest utilization of sick-pay. Conclusion: We can conclude that the use of sick-pay is affected by the employment rate, legal changes affecting the amount of sick-pay and social trends like substitution difficulties due to labor shortages and fear of losing jobs.
Open Access: Yes
Az Egészségbiztosítási alap munkaerőpiaci kapcsolódásai magyarországon
Publication Name: Orvosi Hetilap
Publication Date: 2019-02-01
Volume: 160
Issue: Unknown
Page Range: 3-5
Description:
No description provided
Open Access: Yes
