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Publications - 6374

Beyond lead and diabolo – penetration capabilities of non-traditional air gun projectiles

Viktor Soma Poór Sándor Szukits Gábor Simon Gabor Kovacs Karola Petrus

Publication Name: Forensic Science International

Publication Date: 2026-07-01

Volume: 384

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

The traditional air gun pellet is either spherical or diabolo type with a head followed by a narrow mid-section and a skirt. But apart from these traditional homogenous pellets, special ammunition is also available for air guns, including lead-free, dart-shaped, plastic-coated, and “explosive” pellets producing flash and loud bang upon impact. The scientific data on the penetration capability and terminal ballistic behavior of these pellets are very limited. The study aimed to determine and compare the ballistic gel and tissue penetration capabilities of different air gun ammunition. Ballistic gel and porcine skin penetration of eleven types of 4.5 mm diameter (.177) air gun pellets, including traditional diablo-type lead pellets, lead-free pellets, plastic-coated pellets, and ammunition with an “explosive” charge, were examined. The ballistic gel penetration depth was measured using a digital caliper. The porcine test targets underwent computer tomography (CT) examination and the traditional autopsy method. Histological analysis was performed of the entrance wound and wound track of “explosive” ammunition. The muzzle velocity ranged from 75.4 to 245.1 m/s, and the muzzle energy ranged from 2.5 to 8.5 J. The maximal gel penetration ranged from 26.0 to 117.8 mm, and the final projectile position ranged from 23.8 to 113.2 mm. Tissue penetration ranged from 8.5 mm to 102.2 mm, and full-thickness tissue penetration was achieved in 35 shots from 79. Results: indicate large variations in muzzle energy in the case of non-traditional pellets, even if the same weapon is used. Penetration depth does not correlate strongly with muzzle speed in the case of non-traditional pellets, as the shape and type of pellet have a significant influence on penetration. Some non-traditional pellets may leave behind their plastic sheath in the tissues, which requires special attention since these are invisible on CT scans. Pellets with an “explosive charge” leave behind a blackish discoloration around the entrance wound and in the wound track, which is visually identifiable and also visualized in CT.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2026.112929

Constructing dense fuzzy systems by adaptive scheduling of optimization algorithms

Krisztián Balázs Ĺaszĺo T. Ḱoczy

Publication Name: Proceedings of the 2013 Joint Ifsa World Congress and NAFIPS Annual Meeting Ifsa NAFIPS 2013

Publication Date: 2013-10-31

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 280-285

Description:

In this paper dense fuzzy rule based systems are constructed for solving machine learning problems. During the knowledge extraction process a scheduling approach is applied, which adaptively switches between the different optimization algorithms based on their convergence speed in the phases of the learning process, i.e. according to their respective local efficiency. © 2013 IEEE.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1109/IFSA-NAFIPS.2013.6608413

There is no plan(et) B - environmental “crossroads’ of children’s rights”

Gábor Kecskés L. U.X. Ágnes

Publication Name: Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies

Publication Date: 2023-12-14

Volume: 64

Issue: 1

Page Range: 4-31

Description:

It is an obvious statement that children are disproportionately affected by changes in their environment, due to their incomplete maturity, evolving capacities, vulnerabilities derived from their age and special developmental needs. Changes in temperature, air and water quality, and access to proper nutrition are likely to have more severe and long-term impacts on children’s health, development and well-being, since they basically determine the enjoyment of the right of the child to a healthy environment. The impacts of climate change clearly undermine the effective enjoyment of the rights enshrined in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (hereinafter: UN CRC) and its Optional Protocols, including the rights to life, survival and development (art. 6), to family relations and the right not to be separated from one’s parents against one’s will (arts. 9–10), the highest attainable standard of health (art. 24), an adequate standard of living (art. 27), education (art. 28), freedom from any form of violence or exploitation (arts. 19, 32 and 34–36), the right to recreation and play (art. 31) and the enjoyment of one’s culture (art. 30). The climate crisis has been declared as child rights crisis, although children bear the least responsibility for it. The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child has clearly identified climate change as one of the biggest threats to children’s health and has urged States Parties to put children’s health concerns at the centre of their climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies.1 Despite data and research explicitly

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1556/2052.2023.00440

Numerical study on the micro-mechanical behaviour of artificial granular materials

No authors available

Publication Name: Proceedings of the 2020 Session of the 13th fib International PhD Symposium in Civil Engineering

Publication Date: 2020-01-01

Volume:

Issue:

Page Range: 86-93

Description:

Numerical models for the simulation of the micro-mechanical behaviour of granular assemblies have a wide range of applications, for instance in material science, process engineering, environmental engineering, railway engineering and geotechnical engineering (in this study we examined one macro-grain but what important is behaviour of granular assemblies). In this examination, experimental tests and numerical computations using the discrete element method (DEM) are carried out to evaluate the micro-mechanical behviour of the granular materials. For this purpose, artificial materials are taken into consideration for experimental Brazilian laboratory tests, and then according to the experimental results the DEM model is calibrated. Artificial crushable materials are produced by mixing cement and silt according to their mass ratio, in which cement can provide bonding and silt is the main filling material. In the DEM model, a 3D crushable granular material 'macro-grain' is built up from a large number of micro-grains which are associated according to crushable parallel bond properties. The behaviour of the single crushable grains and the fragmentation patterns under different contact configuration and load position are studied. The DEM simulation results show that the contact configuration type and load position affect the fragmentation patterns and loading capacity.

Open Access: No

DOI: DOI not available

A new assessment methodology for fair-faced concrete surfaces based on digital image processing

No authors available

Publication Name: Proceedings of the 2020 Session of the 13th fib International PhD Symposium in Civil Engineering

Publication Date: 2020-01-01

Volume:

Issue:

Page Range: 288-295

Description:

Fair-faced concrete elements have become even more popular in architecture because of their pure aesthetics and favourable material properties. The europian standards and guidelines are usually specifying four classes regarding to the surface quality. However, the strandard assessment methodologies are based only on manual methods and they are very subjective in some cases. In order to increase the efficiency and accuary of the evaluation a new methodology is proposed using digital image processing. In this paper the basis of the evaluation method made by using the Python 3.6 software is presented by focusing on the surface void ratio which is one of the most common surface defects of fair-faced concrete structures.

Open Access: No

DOI: DOI not available

Numerical plastic analysis of non-prismatic reinforced concrete beams strengthened by carbon fiber reinforced polymers

No authors available

Publication Name: Proceedings of the 2020 Session of the 13th fib International PhD Symposium in Civil Engineering

Publication Date: 2020-01-01

Volume:

Issue:

Page Range: 208-215

Description:

The non-prismatic reinforced concrete (RC) beam considered a unique case in structural engineering as it has variable depth all over beam section and it doesn't have sufficient information in structural codes, this can put structural engineers in a challenge to predict how this beam will react under specific types of loads or with different geometrical variables and strengthening existence. In this research, concrete plastic damage constitutive model developed and used to explore the shear strength of non-prismatic RC beam structure. Furthermore, in order to improve the shear strength of existent RC beams, Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) strips are attached to the surface of the critical sections. For this aim, initially numerical model was calibrated according to the data obtained from laboratory tests then a series of numerical simulations with different variables are carried out to investigate the shear behavior and these variables were: haunch angle a value and CFRP strips existence (composite status). The numerical results show that changing beams geometry (haunch angle a value) can have an influence over shear strength, in addition, using CFRP strips has an obvious effect on the failure behavior of the non-prismatic RC beam structure. Finite element simulations are executed by using ABAQUS.

Open Access: No

DOI: DOI not available

Stability of fuzzy cognitive maps with interval weights

No authors available

Publication Name: Proceedings of the 11th Conference of the European Society for Fuzzy Logic and Technology, EUSFLAT 2019

Publication Date: 2020-01-01

Volume:

Issue:

Page Range: 756-763

Description:

In fuzzy cognitive maps (FCMs) based modelling paradigm, the complex system's behaviour is gathered by the causal connections acting between its main characteristics or subsystems. The system is represented by a weighted, directed digraph, where the nodes represent specific subsystems or features, while the weighted and directed edges express the direction and strength of causal relations between them. The state of the complex system represented by the so-called activation values of the nodes, that is computed by an iterative method. The FCM based decision-making relies on the assumption that this iteration reaches an equilibrium point (fixed point), but other types of behaviour, namely limit cycles and chaotic patterns may also show up. In practice, the weights of connections are estimated by human experts or machine learning methods. Both cases have their own uncertainty, which can be represented by using intervals as weights instead of crisp numbers. In this paper, sufficient conditions are provided for the existence and uniqueness of fixed points of fuzzy cognitive maps that are equipped with interval weights, which also ensure the global asymptotic stability of the system.

Open Access: No

DOI: DOI not available

'Everyday Judicial Populism' in Hungary

Mátyás Bencze

Publication Name: Review of Central and East European Law

Publication Date: 2022-01-01

Volume: 47

Issue: 1

Page Range: 37-59

Description:

Scholarly works on judicial populism tend to concentrate on the landmark judgments of constitutional courts and apex courts. Nonetheless, the examination of the activities of ordinary courts is of great importance as they shape the lives of citizens and can strengthen or curb populist politics. In this paper I analyze a phenomenon emerging in the adjudication of Hungarian ordinary courts which can be labelled 'everyday judicial populism'. Based on case studies and empirical scrutiny I argue that the political populism of the Hungarian government has both a direct and an indirect, but clearly detectable, impact on judicial practice. As regards the latter, the government can manipulate (through its media) public opinion in certain court cases, and judges take this opinion - as the 'vox populi' - into consideration in their decision-making. At the end of the paper I examine the institutional conditions that have facilitated the emergence of judicial populism. 2022

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1163/15730352-bja10062

Urgency or waste of time?

Gábor Xantus Csaba Varga Kornél Ádám Márta Borsos Adrienn Belső Krisztina Hegyi

Publication Name: Orvosi Hetilap

Publication Date: 2025-01-01

Volume: 166

Issue: 50

Page Range: 1975-1982

Description:

Introduction: Evaluation and management of markedly elevated blood pressure in the emergency department vary widely. Guidelines recommend repeated measurements in a calm setting and structured follow-up, discouraging acute interventions in asymptomatic patients without end-organ damage. Objective: We retrospectively assessed blood pressure changes and laboratory parameters in older hypertensive patients during emergency care. The primary objective was to compare triage and discharge blood pressure and evaluate differences between discharge and prior renal function and electrolyte values. Secondary objectives included describing intravenous cannulation and length of stay. Method: This single-center retrospective study included 158 patients treated in 2024 for primary hypertension in a county hospital emergency department. Triage and discharge blood pressures were compared using paired tests, discharge serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and potassium were compared to values from the previous 6 months. Results: Systolic blood pressure decreased from a median of 190 to 150 mmHg (p<0.001), diastolic from 92 to 80 mmHg (p<0.001). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (63.5 vs. 61.0 mL/min/1.73 m²) and creatinine (81 vs. 83 µmol/L) showed no significant change. Serum potassium declined slightly (−0.15 mmol/L; p = 0.003) without clinical relevance. Intravenous cannula was inserted in 97.5% of patients, median stay was 6.0 hours. Discussion: The observed decline likely reflects proper measurement and observation effects, in the absence of end‑organ damage a non‑invasive, outpatient‑oriented approach appears appropriate. Conclusion: Most older adults presenting with hypertension did not have a true hypertensive emergency. Blood pressure dropped in many cases just by monitoring and without acute organ damage. The emphasis of the treatment should be on the correct measurement of blood pressure, managing the reversible causes, starting oral antihypertensive therapy, and making an outpatient follow-up appointment. Routine invasive interventions are generally not warranted in asymptomatic cases. Orv Hetil. 2025; 166(50): 1975–1982.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1556/650.2025.33443