The main objective of this study was to determine the beta-casein A1/A2 polymorphism status of animals in two Holstein Friesian dairy cow herds in Győr-Moson-Sopron County, Hungary. The A1/A2 status of cattle is determined by the beta-casein gene on the sixth chromosome. The analysed single nucleotide polymorphism is non-synonymous; A1 and A2 variants of bovine beta-casein differ at position 67 of the amino acid chain: A1 variant codes for histidine and A2 codes for proline, which may affect the milk protein degradation process. The analysed polymorphism leads to key conformational changes in the secondary protein structure of beta-casein. Beta-casomorphin (known as BCM7) is released only from A1-type milk and cannot be completely degraded by enzymes during digestion. DNA isolation was performed from whole blood, and a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method with agarose gel electrophoresis was applied in order to determine individual genotypes. The results from the two dairy farms demonstrate that a high proportion of cows (86.08 and 90.74 %) carry the A2 gene variant without targeted selection. At farm „A”, beta-casein polymorphisms were determined in 599 cows and 148 heifers. The genotype distribution of the cows was 47.25 % heterozygous, 38.83 % homozygous A2, whereas 14.02 % of the cows carried the A1A1 genotype. In heifers, A2A2 was already present in a remarkably high frequency (91.89 %), whereas the prevalence of heterozygotes was 7.43 %, and A1A1 animals made up only 0.67 % of the analysed heifer population. In Hungary, a growing number of dairy farms are using verified A2 homozygous breeding bull semen. The introduction of homozygous A2 sperm on the farm „A” remarkably increased A2 frequency in the heifer population. In total, 324 cows were genotyped on farm „B”, where the A2A2 genotype was observed in 30.55 % of the animals. The second most common genotype was A1A2, with a genotype frequency of 60.19 %, whereas A1A1 homozygotes occurred with a 9.26 % frequency. The growing popularity of A2 milk due to potential health benefits is driving Hungarian stakeholders towards the targeted selection of dairy populations; animal genotyping is an evident approach to facilitate this transition.

Virtual reality is becoming more widespread around the world and many industries are beginning to recognise its potential. In this paper, we have explored the relevant issues between virtual reality and marketing, based on which we have addressed the topic of virtual reality and retail. The methodology of the present paper is a Systematic Literature Review using the PRISMA model. Based on the SLR, 20 academic articles were found to be relevant to the research topic and are described in the paper. A further objective of the study was to design a future research plan, which was based on the SLR. Based on the research plan, future research will aim to investigate how the decision making process takes place in a 3D virtual shop and how it differs from 2D web shops.

The concept of ecosystem is becoming increasingly popular in economic, scientific and policy systems alike, and its use is embedded more and more in everyday practice. It provides a theoretical framework for policy planning documents, business plans and scientific research. This is facilitated by a holistic approach that understands ecosystems not only as resource allocation systems, but also as a complex structure of governance that includes cognitive elements and interactions. In parallel with its rise in popularity, indices and rankings have been developed for measuring and comparing the performance of individual ecosystems, influencing not only the associated discourse but also the decisions of ecosystem actors. Compared to the innovation and the entrepreneurship ecosystem frameworks, the concept of a startup ecosystem is a relatively new category. Related startup ecosystem rankings, emerging in recent years, are meant to provide performance comparability of these ecosystems. These rankings and their underlying variables have not been in the center of academic interest, but the holistic nature of the ecosystem conceptual framework requires a deeper understanding and analysis of the field. As a first step, a structured synthesis of appropriate research questions and future research directions must be ensured. The present paper attempts to do this by describing the specificities of the holistic ecosystem approach and a possible research agenda on startup ecosystem rankings.

Nowadays' changing weather conditions and the resulting increasing flood levels make flood protection improvement essential. In Hungary, in the Szigetköz floodplain area, a complex water resources management unit of the Upper part of the Danube River, the rehabilitation of the water levels, and the setting back of the settled low and middle water levels had become necessary. It has been achieved by relocating the estuary of the Mosoni-Danube River and constructing a complex water control structure. A new ~1.5 km long levee connects to the structure. Due to a large volume of fine-grained blanket material on the site, the possibility arose to build a section of the levee using the blanket material without applying a cut-off wall to prevent water flow through the levee. The geotechnical parameters of the available local material were based on a complex site investigation program. According to the results of the field and laboratory tests, the blanket layer was suitable as fill material and could be compacted to the required 90% degree of compaction using standard machinery and procedures. Plaxis 2D software using fully coupled flow-deformation analysis, imitating the previously registered flood waves, modeled seepage and stability behaviour to evaluate the ultimate limit states of the levee constructed from the blanket material. The analysis proved the adequacy of the blanket material, avoiding the necessity for a barrier within the embankment. The use of local blanket material as fill eliminated the need to excavate and transport additional material, reducing environmental impact, shortening construction time, and saving costs on the project.