Hypselostomatidae is a large family of terrestrial pulmonate molluscs currently represented by 284 extant species, most confined to Southeast Asia. The current system of grouping species into genera is based on the morphology of the apertural barriers and the level of last whorl detachment. However, these characters overlap, challenging generic definitions. In this paper, these characters are evaluated and a novel classification proposed for hypselostomatid species belonging to the genera Anauchen (17 species), Bensonella (36 species), Boysidia (7 species, in part) and Hypselostoma (85 species). We assigned all species belonging to the genera Bensonella and Hypselostoma into two and four species groups respectively, which are characterised by combinations of morphological traits. Altogether 46 new species are described, seven species in Anauchen: A. crassus Gojšina, Hunyadi & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., A. evanidus Gojšina & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., A. grandiportus Gojšina, Grego & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., A. obesus Gojšina, Hunyadi & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., A. picasso Gojšina & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., A. turritus Gojšina, Hunyadi & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., A. jokaii Gojšina & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov.; 19 species in Bensonella: B. alycaeus Gojšina & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., B. cardiostoma Gojšina, Vermeulen & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., B. cristatissima Gojšina, Hunyadi & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., B. dha Gojšina, Hunyadi & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., B. dracula Gojšina, Hunyadi & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., B. exploda Gojšina, Hunyadi & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., B. fracta Gojšina, Hunyadi & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., B. microdentata Gojšina & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., B. mitochondria Gojšina, Vermeulen & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., B. mirabilis Gojšina, Hunyadi & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., B. montawa Gojšina, Hunyadi & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., B. multidentata Gojšina, A. Reischütz & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., B. nitens Gojšina & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., B. obex Gojšina, Hunyadi & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., B. perfecta Gojšina & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., B. sericata Gojšina & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., B. serrata Gojšina, Hunyadi & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., B. spelaea Gojšina, Grego & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., B. spinosa Gojšina, Hunyadi & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov.; 20 species in Hypselostoma: H. aquila Gojšina, Hunyadi & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., H. bubalus Gojšina, Hunyadi & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., H. circumcarinatum Gojšina, Auffenberg & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., H. coriaceum Gojšina & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., H. aenigma Gojšina, Grego & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., H. fortunatum Gojšina, Hunyadi & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., H. fungus Gojšina, Hunyadi & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., H. geckophilum Gojšina, Hunyadi & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., H. iunior Gojšina & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., H. ophis Gojšina, Hunyadi & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., H. platybasis Gojšina, Hunyadi & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., H. populare Gojšina, Hunyadi & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., H. sculpturatum Gojšina, Hunyadi & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., H. similare Gojšina, Hunyadi & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., H. sorormajor Gojšina, Hunyadi & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., H. sororminor Gojšina, Hunyadi & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., H. torta Gojšina, Auffenberg & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., H. vesovici Gojšina & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., H. vicinum Gojšina, Auffenberg & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov., H. vujici Gojšina & Páll-Gergely, sp. nov. One replacement name is proposed: H. tertiusfrater Gojšina & Páll-Gergely, nom. nov. pro Boysidia salpinx F. G. Thompson & Dance, 1983, non Hypselostoma salpinx (van Benthem Jutting, 1961) (originally described as Gyliotrachela). Gyliotrachela and Antroapiculus are both treated as junior synonyms of Hypselostoma. An additional 28 species and subspecies are reassigned to the synonymies of other taxa.

This paper presents a one-dimensional (1-D) thermodynamic engine simulation validated through testbench measurements. The objective was to evaluate the accuracy of the 1-D model by comparing simulated results with experimental data from a modern 2-L turbocharged gasoline direct injection (DI) internal combustion engine featuring variable valve timing. Key parameters such as engine speed, air–fuel ratio, temperature, and pressure were measured under controlled conditions. Using AVL BOOST, simulation modeled combustion, valve timing, and thermodynamic processes across intake and exhaust systems. Simulation results were compared with experimental data across various steady-state operating points. The model demonstrated strong agreement with experimental results in steady-state operation. A few differences highlight the need for further refinement of the model. The study confirms the effectiveness of 1-D simulations as a reliable and cost-efficient tool for engine analysis and optimization. Future work will focus on enhancing the accuracy of the simulation.

The global probiotics market has been continuously growing, driven by consumer demand for immune-enhancing functional foods, dietary supplements, and natural therapeutics for gastrointestinal and gut function-mediated diseases. Probiotic microorganisms represent a diverse group of strains with complex but generalized mechanistic patterns. This review describes the various immunomodulatory mechanisms by which probiotics exert their effects, including the competitive exclusion of pathogenic microbes, production of antimicrobial substances, modulation of the immune system, and improvement of gut barrier function. In addition, the various formulations and methods of delivery of probiotics and the safety concerns associated with these products are also discussed.

The Method of Fundamental Solution applied to the Stokes equation is investigated. Instead of using the classical approach, the problem is split into several subproblems defined on much smaller subdomains. Each local problem is solved by the Method of Fundamental Solutions. Having solved the local problems, the approximate solution is updated at the central point of the local subdomain. This results in a Seidel-like iterative method, which mimics the classical overlapping Schwarz method. In contrast to the traditional Method of Fundamental Solutions, the resulting localized method avoids the problem of large, dense and ill-conditioned linear systems of equations, and, at the same time, remains a truly meshfree technique.

Athletes do not receive adequate and equal support in building their careers. This study aims to examine the unequal and inconsistent support systems available for the simultaneous development of sporting and educational careers. A purposive sampling method was applied, and data were collected through a self-designed questionnaire survey distributed via Google Forms. The data collected were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. The findings indicate that in Hungary, support systems are primarily material in nature, and mainly benefit a narrow segment of elite athletes enrolled in higher education. These systems have little or no significant impact on students of secondary school age. Most respondents reported support primarily from their families and their personal coaches. The vast majority of participants had not participated in professional programmes designed to facilitate dual career development. The results provide guidance for the development of competence-based training programmes that promote effective learning and life management skills. Such training should be incorporated into secondary school curricula as a matter of priority.

The increasing need for precise testing in battery and electronic component development has driven the demand for modular and scalable laboratory systems. This paper presents the design and initial implementation of a LabVIEW-based measurement system tailored for ISO/IEC 17025-compliant testing environments. The system’s software architecture is modular and built around a Hardware Abstraction Layer, enabling the integration of various remotely controlled instruments, such as programmable power supplies, electronic loads, and climate chambers. LabVIEW’s object-oriented programming and multi-threaded execution environment allows synchronized control and real-time data acquisition. Test procedures are defined using a JSON-based sequence structure, supporting repeatable testing. A graphical editor provides an intuitive interface for configuring test steps, ensuring ease of use. The system is designed to support future expansion, including high-speed measurement modules and parallel test execution. This solution lays the foundation for a reliable and extensible automated testing platform that aligns with modern industrial and regulatory standards.

The aim of this paper is to provide fundamental theoretical studies on basic uncertain linguistic information soft set (BULISS). Firstly, the combination of basic uncertain linguistic information and soft set is introduced. Next, set operations and similarity measure on basic uncertain linguistic information soft sets and their properties are discussed. A novel application of basic uncertain linguistic information soft set to multi-criteria group decision making is put forward, in which the similarity measure between any two BULISSs is developed. A group decision algorithm by utilizing traditional decision procedure of soft set theory (or fuzzy soft set theory) and optimization method is given. Finally, a case study relating to curriculum recommendation is shown to illustrate feasibility and validity of the developed group decision making approach.

The enduring SARS-CoV-2 pandemic necessitates robust tools for severity assessment. This study, conducted at Islamabad Diagnostic Center across Pakistan from January 2021 to August 2022, aimed to investigate hematological abnormalities among suspected SARS-CoV-2 subjects. Initial enrollment included 130,347 cases, with 53,078 confirmed positive and 77,269 negative. An additional 11,786 samples expanded the dataset to 142,133. The Omicron and Centaurus variants, in confirmed positive patients, exhibited a slightly higher frequency of hematological abnormalities (30.42%) than negative participants (27.01%). Notably, lymphocyte count reduction (40.95%) suggested its potential as an alternative diagnostic parameter for clinical COVID-19. Decreased levels of NA (37.99%), HGB (26.17%), MCV (20.60%), PLT (6.15%), and ALB (2.28%) were observed. Abnormally elevated NEU, CR, MONO, RBCs, WBC, and EOS levels affected 26.00%, 24.28%, 30.79%, 22.02%, 6.28%, and 5.53% of subjects, respectively. Comparatively, positive patients exhibited higher abnormal blood parameters—LYMP count (57.40%), NEU count (46.08%), EOS count (62.48%), MONO count (31.61%), RBC count (30.32%), ALC count (43.60%), CR count (30.91%), NA count (40.53%), CRP count (68.46%), and DD (63.08%) than negative counterparts. The study underscores lymphocytopenia’s potential as a cost-effective, early diagnostic biomarker for clinical COVID-19, preceding real-time PCR diagnosis. This supports its consideration in resource-limited settings for strategic screening and policy-making in the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 battle.

The angular velocities of an observer moving through an arbitrary scene can be obtained solely from mono camera image sequences, utilizing the optical flow. A major obstacle in this approach is that, the optical flow is non linearly related to the 3-D motion parameters. In this work three possible linear methods are presented to solve this nonlinear equation and then these methods are evaluated and compared using real mono camera images and real sensor measurements collected during two test flights.