In this study, an investigation regarding optimal elastic-plastic analysis method of different reinforced concrete (RC) structures is held by applying the residual plastic deformations limitations on the steel bars inside the reinforced concrete. Where different structures, including simple beam and slab, are selected as benchmarks and modelled numerically using ABAQUS in order to calibrate their experimental behaviour according to laboratory tests. Furthermore, concrete damage plasticity (CDP) constitutive model was applied to represent concrete behaviour in the numerical models considered. Then, an objective function was established for optimizing the applied plastic loads for each structure where the process of controlling plastic deformations was carried out by applying constraints on the complementary strain energy of the residual internal forces initiated inside the steel bars. This methodology was applied by authors by writing MATLAB code and linking it with ABAQUS to determine the corresponding applied plastic load for each entered complementary strain energy. Generally, applying optimization problem for each model showed that the complementary strain energy of the residual forces reflects the general behaviour of the structures and may be assumed as a constraint controlling the plastic behaviour of the structures whereas the obtained results indicated how structures acted differently when possessing different complementary strain energy values turning from elastic into elasto-plastic condition and then reaching plastic state.

Stationary heating devices can be used to warm up the coolant of an internal combustion engine or the cabin air of a vehicle. This kind of heat engine transforms the chemical energy content of liquid fuels into heat energy. The combustion process and the emission of such a device is in focus in this study, which would be the first part in a greater project in the field. Therefore, some relevant parameters have been established. Relevant cycles have been chosen for the kinds of heat engines. It means a normal mode cycle for the stationary device and a WLTC cycle in the case of the direct injection gasoline engine. Fuel used was the same for both. This heat transfer process is such, that the combustion seems to be quite simple and rough in the stationary device compared to that of in internal combustion engine. This means an inhomogenous combustion with non-premixed flame at a low combustion temperature. This situation affects the emission characteristic accordingly, so causes low NOx and relatively high particle relevant emission comes out from the device. As far as the device's particle relevant emission is concerned it would be suitable for further investigation described at the end of the article.

Introduction. The aim of research is to examine the knowledge about plant-based diets, what beliefs and misconceptions exist about plant-based diets (PBDs), and how these differ between lifestyle groups among Hungarian females. Materials and methods. Data were collected through an online survey on social media. These data were processed using univariate statistics (general description of the sample), exploratory factor analysis (identification of healthy lifestyles), cluster analysis (segmentation purposes), chi-square statistics (cluster profiling), F-statistics (comparing attitudes toward PBDs), and cross tabulation (knowledge and perceptions of PBDs). Results and discussion. Four health-related lifestyle dimensions (health-conscious eating, mindfulness, carbohydrate avoidance, red meat avoidance) were identified, and four segments emerged (healthy food choosers, red meat avoiders, stress-free women, rejecters). Healthy food choosers (40.9%) prioritize healthy eating, avoid sugary snacks, and monitor carbohydrate intake. Red meat avoiders (27.9%) are neutral about healthy eating, but avoid red meat and processed foods; don't focus on carbohydrates. Stress-free women (20.8%) value mindfulness, relaxation, and outdoor physical activity for a stress-free life. Rejecters (10.4%) have a negative attitude toward healthy eating, mindfulness, carbohydrates, and red meat. Red meat avoiders live in the capital city, eat fruits and vegetables more often or at least once a day. Rejecters live in villages and eat fruits and vegetables every 4–5 days in a week or do not eat fruits and vegetables in a week. Healthy eaters eat fruits and vegetables more times a day. Stress-free people eat fruits and vegetables every 2–3 days in a week. They differed in their knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of PBDs. 72.1% of healthy food choosers, 84.8% of red meat avoiders, 75.8% of stress-free people and 71.9% of rejecters thought that plant-based diet was similar to vegan and vegetarian diet. The attitudes range from “may have health benefits for certain diseases” as the attitude with the highest mean level of agreement (4.26), especially among red meat avoiders, to “encourages diary consumption” as the attitude with the lowest mean level of agreement (1.69), especially among red meat avoiders. Red meat avoiders, healthy food choosers, and stress-free women had more positive attitudes toward PBDs than did rejecters. The majority of females were thinking about trying out PBDs. Red meat avoiders, healthy eaters, and stress-free women had more positive attitudes toward PBD than did rejecters. Healthy eaters perceived PBD as healthy. Red meat avoiders perceived the plant-based diet as healthy, safe, varied, exciting, environmentally friendly, and a complete diet. Stress-free women thought the plant-based diet was unhealthy and environmentally unfriendly. Rejecters attached more negative attributes to the PBD. They perceived the meatless diet as unhealthy, dangerous, monotonous, boring, environmentally unfriendly, difficult to digest, and malnutrition. Conclusions The results contribute to the literature by adding empirical evidence to the emerging trends (PBD, vegan, vegetarian diets), as well as generating suggestions for nutrition and dietetics professionals and the government, as targeted marketing programs can be planned to change dietary behavior.

Modern society requires that the food industry reconsider packaging and evolve towards sustainable alternatives. The paper's aim is to present the special endogenous factors characteristic of SME (Small and medium-sized enterprises) family business decision-making in relation to capacity expansion. The efforts of ten SME family businesses in the Hungarian food industry related to packaging materials are presented through a case study, in-depth interviews, and cost analysis. The results show that all participants in the food chain realized that making packaging materials recyclable is essential for sustainable development. To this end, packaging material manufacturers have started to develop and now offer many alternatives of environmentally friendly and recyclable packaging materials for food industry companies. It is an important aspect for food industry companies that these environmentally friendly packaging materials have the same freshness-keeping capabilities as the previous ones. In many cases, the new environmentally friendly packaging materials require the purchase of new machines, and the new machines require the training of the workers. It can be concluded that there is a close connection between recyclable packaging and capacity expansion: the use of environmentally friendly recyclable packaging materials becomes a process of capacity expansion in the case of SME family businesses in the Hungarian food industry as well.

The compressor wheels used in turbochargers have typically been made of aluminium alloy for decades. The primary reason is to achieve the lowest possible rotor inertia. However, while in the past this component was only encountered with filtered air, nowadays, due to developments in compliance with tightening emission standards, various fluids also collide with the spinning blades, which can cause mechanical damage. One such fluid is condensed water in the low-pressure exhaust gas channel (LP-EGR) formulated at cold starts and low-load conditions. This kind of design has been developed to reduce the nitrogen oxide emission and is used in both Otto and Diesel engines. This paper presents a testing method - implemented on a component testbench - and its results for this phenomenon. First, the effect of the volume flow of the condensed water colliding with the spinning blades was analyzed, and then, in addition to a constant volume flow, the speed dependence of the degree of damage was also determined. Next to the visual inspections, the physical changes on the blades were also detected by vibration diagnostic tools, mainly by analyzing the amplitude of the order correlated to the number of blades, from which we can deduce the changed balance level of the rotor.

In industrial practice, measuring and monitoring production performance is an essential task. The production plan performance is monitored by middle and top management of companies daily, weekly and monthly and make short and long-term operational and strategic decisions when necessary. One of the most common ways of measuring the performance of production and, within this, of assembly lines, is to use the Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) indicator. Although companies sometimes interpret and use this Key Performance Indicator (KPI) in their own way, it is the indicator that best reflects the development of the production efficiency for a given company. A high OEE percentage means high performance, which directly increases the company's profitability. This article explores the complexity of the OEE indicator, supported by the use of a cause and effect diagram. Firstly, a literature review demonstrates scientific relevance. Secondly, the factors affecting OEE are grouped and analyzed according to the following six aspects: man, environment, method, material, machine, and measurement. Each factor is further subdivided into five groups, and then these subgroups also cover five key factors of importance for the approachability of 100% OEE. The 150 aspects listed herein, provide a complete guideline for a semi-automatic assembly line, to consistently increase efficiency in industrial practice.

The efficiency of warehouse operations can be measured by various indicators, but the main one is the lead time, which is heavily influenced by the order picking, as this is the most time- and labor-intensive process in the warehouse operation. In order to reduce lead times, many researchers are working on the topic of Storage Location Assignment Problem (SLAP) The optimized SLA is designed to improve picking efficiency, so that the picker does not have to travel long distances unnecessarily in a picker-to-parts system. During the optimization process, it is necessary to evaluate the SLA in an appropriate way, on the basis of which it is possible to measure whether the objectives are approximated by the results or not. It is also very important to evaluate regularly the SLA during the period after optimization to get an up-to-date information about the assignment of the storage items. The results of regular evaluations can be used to check whether the SLA is effective and lead times are good or whether optimization and reassignment is necessary. Based on studies and experience, SLAs are reassessed and optimized following significant inefficiencies, resulting in relocation tasks and additional work and costs for warehouses. The authors’ research concept includes avoiding large-scale relocation tasks by continuously review the SLA. While other studies evaluate the optimized SLA by running picking lists, but it usually would be necessary to get information about the assignment of the entire warehouse. Furthermore, since assigning thousands of items to thousands of positions is a huge combinational problem, evolutionary algorithm would be necessary to apply. It is also requiring time-effective and generalized individual evolution method to make us possible tactical SLA optimization. The aim of this paper is to describe a novel generalized SLA evaluation method where each of the located items is evaluated to obtain a more accurate optimization result. Furthermore, unlike other research, the aim is to ensure that the optimization concept and the evaluation method are not only specified for one warehouse but can be used in other warehouses as well.

Nowadays, sustainability is a term that has been analysed many times in public life, among the technical and social sciences alike, examined from several sides, but at least often voiced. In the study, in relation to the sustainability of a healthy human life, it is examined how railways and their historic preservation contribute to this. As the basis of the research, it was chosen the only standard-gauge railway line in Hungary that is under monument protection railway line No. 11 between Győr and Veszprém. The research is based on the methodology of historical-architectural research: starting from the history of the railway, it explores its architectural and historical values, discusses the creation and importance of protection, and then tries to draw conclusions about the role of the railway line in sustainability by analysing social phenomena, and finally makes proposals for the role of sustainability regarding its increase. The novelty of the study is that it connects the ways of thinking of specialised fields that previously existed side by side. The purpose of monument protection is the preservation of values, which, according to the 20-th-century way of thinking, primarily serves cultural purposes. The monument protection of some parts of the analysed railway line clearly contributed to the preservation of the infrastructure. As an environmentally friendly and sustainable means of transport, the railway plays a prominent role in the healthy preservation of natural areas. This is proven by the history of the examined railway line.

Until now, the majority of asbestos-related research has focused on the health challenges of asbestos and the waste management challenges caused by asbestos cement products. The limitation of the research is that there is no uniform indicator or index formation method available for asbestos exposure and involvement on a national scale. Given the neglect of the topic, there are no uniform risk assessment and situation assessment procedures available, neither, as a result, indicators or public databases. The aim of this paper is that, in parallel with the European Union's 2023 asbestos neutrality objectives, asbestos exposure is examined as a kind of indicator to assess the actual level of development of those member states that are progressing along the sustainable development goals. The focus of the paper is an analysis of the situation rather than the discovery of new scientific results. Using an integrated index formation method, the relationship between the indicators of sustainable development and the volume of asbestos consumption in the countries in the focus group is examined. It was established that the average value of the sustainable development index corrected for asbestos exposure in relation to the EU-27 is 0.428, which means a medium level of involvement. A comparison of the two indexes shows that there are significant differences. The average correction rate is -47.4 %. Based on the results and according to previous literature sources, asbestos exposure is an unexamined segment of efforts for sustainable development, which can also result in significant dissonances.