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Business Model Innovation in E-Commerce: Ethical Business Leadership Through Service Architecture Diversification

Olga Garafonova Svitlana Bilan Iryna Dvornyk Volodymyr Sharov

Publication Name: Business Ethics and Leadership

Publication Date: 2026-01-01

Volume: 10

Issue: 1

Page Range: 41-65

Description:

In e-commerce, advances in digital technology are increasingly driving service innovation, reshaping the principles of competitiveness and value creation through customer orientation, service quality, seamless customer experience, transparency, and trust. These elements add a new dimension to ethical business leadership. While current literature largely treats servitization and business model innovation as distinct phenomena, the portfolio architecture of service configurations as an independent mechanism of related diversification and the potential moderators of its ethical impact remain insufficiently formalized. This study aims to conceptualize service architecture diversification as a form of diversification through a portfolio of service-oriented business models and to examine its relationship with financial performance under varying levels of ethical components, specifically transparency and trust. The analysis is based on panel data from eight Ukrainian online retailers for the period 2019–2024. The study utilizes key indicators from official financial statements and a composite transparency and trust index constructed from publicly available information across four transparency markers. To quantify service architecture diversification, a composite index was developed using reproducible data. Methodologically, the study employs five panel regressions with fixed effects for online retailers and years, along with nonlinearity tests and lagged diagnostic models. Standard errors were estimated using heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors, and the analysis was performed using Python’s statsmodels. Two separate series of regression models were constructed for different dependent variables, namely ROA and operating margin. In the baseline linear models, the effect of service architecture diversification is not statistically significant for either operating margin (p = 0.942) or ROA (p = 0.546), suggesting no immediate within-year effect. Nonlinearity diagnostics for ROA suggest a phased pattern, in which the quadratic term is negative and close to significance (b =-0.038; p = 0.067). In sensitivity checks excluding influential observation, significance becomes stronger in both the operating margin series (p = 0.025) and the ROA series (p = 0.046). Lagged tests for operating margin reveal a short-term negative relationship (b =-0.039; p = 0.002) together with a positive interaction between the indices (SArD×TT(t−1): b = 0.0056; p = 0.027). This is interpreted as evidence of the potential role of ethical transparency and trust in mitigating the negative effects of service transformation, although this moderating effect is sensitive to sample composition. From a practical perspective, the article positions service architecture diversification as a manifestation of ethical business leadership in business model innovation and establishes directions for further research aimed at refining its operationalization, clarifying its architectural alignment with the principles of ethical leadership, and explaining the mechanisms for overcoming the servitization paradox in the context of online retail.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.61093/10(1).41-65.2026

Grassed Tramway Tracks and Sustainable Urban Mobility: Integrating Nature-based Solutions in City Transport Infrastructure

Zoltán Major Herta Mária Czédli Cecilia Szigeti L. Radácsi

Publication Name: Acta Polytechnica Hungarica

Publication Date: 2026-01-01

Volume: 23

Issue: 1

Page Range: 271-286

Description:

Urban mobility is crucial to sustainable city development, bridging environmental preservation, economic advancement, and social equity. This paper investigates the potential of grassed tramway tracks (or green tracks) in contributing to sustainable urban mobility and aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The study highlights the transformative potential of green tracks by analyzing ecological impact, carbon sequestration, and a comparative evaluation of ecological footprints. The findings emphasize their role in mitigating climate change, enhancing urban biodiversity, and promoting resilient infrastructure, positioning them as a critical solution for achieving sustainable urban development.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.12700/APH.23.1.2026.1.16

Decision on single-use and reusable food packaging: searching for the optimal solution using a fuzzy mathematical approach

Péter Böröcz

Publication Name: Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture

Publication Date: 2023-02-01

Volume: 103

Issue: 3

Page Range: 1042-1048

Description:

BACKGROUND: In modern food supply chains it is becoming increasingly important for companies to have sustainable product packaging systems. Deciding the protection, marketing, and logistical function of packaging, at optimal cost, is a very complex matter for professionals. The decision is usually between disposable (single-use) and reusable (returnable) packaging solutions and their special characteristics. In practice, the focus of this decision is based on historical experience and traditions, taking a cost-based and/or a criteria-based approach. This considers a wide range of cost factors. Packaging cost is an important factor, but not the only one, in determining the optimal solution. RESULTS: This study presents a three-dimensional fuzzy signature model with a fuzzy method that can be applied to the packaging decision problem to investigate the interconnections among factors that affect the final results, beyond simple binary logic. Two types of food packaging, beverage glass and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, were chosen to validate the usability of the model. CONCLUSION: Fuzzy signatures can model the subjectivity of human definitions and criteria using the knowledge of professionals – human knowledge, which is experienced under real conditions and is used in practice in the food-packaging decision process. Food-packaging decision components and the final decision can be determined by fuzzy algorithms using membership functions on aggregation and weighted values. © 2022 The Author. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11745

Determination of Optimal Process Parameters for L-PBF Produced 1.2709 Alloy †

Imre Fekete István Hatos András Lajos Nagy Balázs Lőrincz

Publication Name: Engineering Proceedings

Publication Date: 2025-01-01

Volume: 113

Issue: 1

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

For L-PBF (Laser Powder Bed Fusion) metal additive manufacturing (AM) the choice of available materials is still limited. 1.2709 maraging steel powders are widely used for injection molds and high-quality engineering parts. The quality of the parts produced by L-PBF are significantly affected by the process parameters. The aim of this research was to find optimal process parameters for producing 1.2709 tool steel at a layer thickness of 20 µm and to reveal the possible parameter settings yielding comparable build quality as the “EOS surface” parameter set at a layer thickness of 20 µm. Findings showed that too low or too high input energies produce improper parts. A large range of parameters produce good quality parts, of which the optimum parameters can be chosen.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/engproc2025113017

An open architecture patient monitoring system using standard technologies

Balázs Benyó Z. Benyó Péter Várady

Publication Name: IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine

Publication Date: 2002-03-01

Volume: 6

Issue: 1

Page Range: 95-98

Description:

Computer-aided bedside patient monitoring is applied in areas where real-time vital function analysis takes place. Modern bedside monitoring requires not only the networking of bedside monitors with a central monitor but also other standard communication interfaces. In this paper, a novel approach to patient monitoring is introduced. A patient monitoring system was developed and implemented based on an existing industry standard communication network, using standard hardware components and software technologies. The open architecture system design offers scalability, standard interfaces, and flexible signal interpretation possibilities.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1109/4233.992168

THE COLLECTOR'S HOUSE,| ALGARVE, PORTUGAL; ARCHITECTS: ATELIER DATA

Szentirmai Tamás Szentirmai Tamás Szabó Szabó

Publication Name: Metszet

Publication Date: 2025-01-01

Volume: 16

Issue: 5

Page Range: 26-31

Description:

Portuguese architecture's contextualist engagement continues the legacy of the 1950s folk architecture survey (Inquérito), shifting from explicit regional-ism to a more abstract influence. A key example is Atelier Data's conversion of an 18th-century Franciscan chapel in Moncarapacho, Algarve, into a galle-ry. Honoring the building's sacred past using traditional materials (whitewash, terracotta) while introducing a massive three-flight ramp as the main inter-vention. This ramp dramatically extends the exhibition path, creating a new in-ternal landscape that contrasts with the dark-toned rear addition, showcasing a modern connection to place.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.33268/Met.2025.5.2

Modeling and simulation for the energy storage by ultracapacitor in urban rail car

Istvan Szenasy

Publication Name: 3rd International Conference on Electrical and Control Technologies ECT 2008

Publication Date: 2008-01-01

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 239-242

Description:

This paper focuses on the use of modeling and simulation for the renewable energy. An energy storage system for improving performance of electric vehicles is presented. The supercapacitor contributes to the rapid energy recovery associated with regenerative braking in electric vehicles. This power system allows the acceleration and deceleration of the vehicle with minimal loss of energy. Short-distance passenger traffic on electrified lines is a domain where brake energy recuperation might reduce the total energy consumption significantly. In this paper the results of a simulation model by Matlab for an urban-metro railcar is presented.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: DOI not available

Review of the effect of sand on the behavior of expansive clayey soils

Ammar N. Alnmr Richard P. Ray

Publication Name: Acta Technica Jaurinensis

Publication Date: 2021-11-24

Volume: 14

Issue: 4

Page Range: 521-552

Description:

Clayey soils often showed undesirable engineering behavior such as low bearing capacity, swelling and shrinkage characteristics. However, chemical improvement, thermal improvement and improvement by additives like lime, cement and sand offer an efficient technique to overcome the problems resulting from Expansive soils. This paper presents a review of the swelling behavior of sand-clay mixtures as well as the effect of sand on the physical and mechanical characteristics of expansive soils. Results highlight the importance of sand in improving the behavior of expansive soils. Finally, the most important general conclusions about the behavior of expansive soils and suggestions for future researches are highlighted.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.14513/actatechjaur.00611

Assessment of combined high-speed passenger and freight train movement to mitigate environmental impact

Szabolcs Fischer Mykola Kurhan Dmytro Kurhan Nelya Hmelevska

Publication Name: Iop Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science

Publication Date: 2025-01-01

Volume: 1491

Issue: 1

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

The purpose of the study is to investigate the primary reasons for the feasibility of the combined movement of high-speed passenger and freight trains. The research includes the analysis and theoretical synthesis of materials related to the combined movement of high-speed passenger and freight trains in European Union countries. The combination of different train categories on high-speed rail lines is not only possible but also, under certain conditions, advisable. The main reasons for arranging sections of combined passenger and freight movement include overcoming contour or height obstacles and justifying investments in the construction of high-speed railways where the demand for passenger transportation is insufficient and profitability is ensured through additional income from cargo transportation. The combined movement of high-speed passenger and freight trains can reduce environmental impact by ensuring the efficient use of railway infrastructure and decreasing transport emissions. The authors have proposed a comprehensive approach to assessing the effectiveness of implementing the movement of high-speed passenger and accelerated freight trains, considering the net present value and ensuring the capacity of the double-track railway line during concurrent train movements. The research results enable enhancing the stability of railway transportation on high-speed railways.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/1491/1/012023