The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive framework for the possibility of trademark protection for human faces. In the case law of the European Union Intellectual Property Office there are a few examples of trademarks, which consist of only photorealistic human faces. Private law protects the use of images; however, the trends of recent years demonstrate that trademarks could also have a role in such protection. The author aims to analyze the similarities and differences between trademark protection and personality rights in order to determine whether trademarks for faces are necessary or not. The over- arching analysis compares twelve aspects of the two ways in which the legal systems protect facial imagery, highlighting their various advantages and drawbacks. The comparison includes the following attributes: function of protection, scope of protection, territorial dimensions of protection, temporal dimensions of protection, conditions of protection, content of protection, limitations and exceptions, transferability of rights, enforcement of rights, requirement of use, termination of rights and costs.

The paper introduces a local trajectory planner designed specifically for lateral guidance of autonomous vehicles. The inputs of the planner are the lane edges in the form of corner point coordinates in a two-dimensional plane. The aim of the planner is to provide a series of trajectory points ahead of the vehicle. The trajectory shall be well-conditioned which means no border violation (safety), no high lateral acceleration (comfort) and good tracking properties. The optimal conditions for driving have been found in using clothoid curves. The curvature of the clothoid is a linear function of the distance, which resolves the biggest disadvantage of circle conjunction: the discontinuity of the lateral acceleration. Clothoids have constant lateral jerk profile. In our work an Extended Kalman Filter is used with a clothoid model to consolidate inaccuracies of the lane detection system. The paper is presented as the first part of a research process. The algorithm introduced in this paper is planned to be continued with research on its automatized calibration procedures.

In this paper, first we prove that making abstraction of the output obtained from the interactive extension principle based on a joint possibility distribution, in the case of unimodal fuzzy numbers and when the function that generates the operation is continuous and strictly increasing in each argument restricted to the support of each fuzzy number used in the process, then we can use joint possibility distributions with the property that the left/right side of the output is obtained from the convolution of the values in the left/right side of these fuzzy numbers. Then, considering joint possibility distributions with the aforementioned property, we find an Nguyen type characterization of the level sets of the output based on interactive extension principle, in terms of the level sets of the fuzzy numbers used in the process. These two key results complete well-known results obtained in the case of Zadeh's extension principle and also in the case of triangular norm-based extension principle. As an interesting corollary, in the special case of unimodal fuzzy numbers, the Nguyen theorem can be used to present a new proof concerning necessary and sufficient conditions on the equality of the outputs based on joint possibility distributions, respectively based on Zadeh's extension principle.

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In this study, a new two-stage learning based reduction approach for fuzzy cognitive maps (FCM) is introduced in order to reduce the number of concepts. FCM is a graphical modeling technique that follows a reasoning approach similar to the human reasoning and the decision-making process. The FCM model incorporates the available knowledge and expertise in the form of concepts and in the direction and strength of the interactions among concepts. One of the modeling problems of FCMs is that oversized FCM models suffer from interpretability problems. An oversized FCM may contain concepts that are semantically similar and affect the other concepts in a similar way. This new study introduces a two-stage model reduction approach, and both static and dynamic analyses are considered without losing essential information. In the first stage, the number of concepts is reduced by merging similar concepts into clusters, whereas in the second stage the transformation function parameters of concepts are optimized. In order to show the benefit of using the proposed reduction approach, two sets of studies are conducted. First, a huge set of synthetic FCMs are generated, and the results of these statistical analyses are presented via various tables and figures. Subsequently, suggestions to the decision makers are given. Second, experimental studies are also presented to show the decision parameters and procedure for the proposed approach. The results show that after using the concept reduction approach presented in this study, the interpretability of FCM increases with an acceptable amount of information loss in the output concepts.

This paper explores the effect of sustainable development levels in countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment (OFDI). Through a systematic empirical analysis at both national and enterprise levels, the study examines how the sustainability of BRI countries influences China’s investment decisions. At the national level, the analysis reveals that higher levels of sustainable development in BRI countries positively impact China’s OFDI, with this relationship exhibiting a nonlinear pattern: low and high levels of sustainable development inhibit and promote OFDI, respectively. Additionally, natural resource availability plays a significant role in generating spatial spillover effects. Further examination at the enterprise level shows that the positive relationship between sustainable development and OFDI was particularly evident from 2013 to 2019; however, the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 disrupted this trend. The heterogeneity analysis shows that state-owned enterprises tend to invest in countries with higher sustainable development levels, while industries like power, heat production, and wholesale retail are less sensitive to these levels. Additionally, host country participation in the Belt and Road Summit increases enterprises’ tolerance for variations in sustainable development, while leverage ratio and asset liquidity further influence OFDI. This study provides theoretical insights into the selection of BRI countries for OFDI and offers policy recommendations for enhancing the sustainability and risk management of China’s foreign investments.

Local governments had key and prominent roles in tackling the COVID-19 pandemic. Their task was to take short-term measures quickly and to organize protection and care for those in need. The main objective of our paper is to present how local governments communicated with their inhabitants on various online interfaces in this crisis situation. Our analysis covers 54 settlements representing all the different levels of the settlement network from large cities to small villages. We examined the webpages and Facebook pages of local governments and mayors, first during the first wave and then during the second and third waves of the pandemic. Recognizing their responsibility, local governments clearly tried to provide information to the inhabitants as quickly as possible. They considered the online interfaces the most effective, but the online communication had typically been complemented by information published on more traditional channels as well. There were no significant differences in terms of the way and characteristics of communication among the different types of settlements, although local governments of different sizes obviously had to face different challenges in terms of the amount of tasks they had to tackle. The communication process was a very difficult task because of the lack of information and the not-transparent data provision. Even on the Facebook pages especially suitable for this purpose, interactivity rumbled, and in many cases the questions and suggestions of the inhabitants remained unanswered. It is instructive that, with few exceptions, settlements do not place emphasis on surveying local needs and opinions.

This study presents a cross-board comparison of the morphological characteristic of students of the Hungarian Language teacher training faculty in Subotica, Serbia based on their nutritional status estimate of their nourishment state. The sample was composed by 146 young adults from all four study years of the faculty, ranging from age 19 to 23. The following anthropometric measurements were carried out: body weight, height, skin fold thickness (skin folds measured at the scapula, triceps, biceps, ilium, hip, thigh and abdomen) and circumferences (waist, hip). The authors calculated and analyzed the data, including: the BMI (body mass index) with the formula, skin fold thickness and with 4-Site Skin fold Equation and waist hip ratio. Descriptive statistic was used to describe the morphological characteristics. Independent T-test and ANOVA analysis was performed to compare the students according to sex and age. The main results of the present study are: (1) no significant difference is found between the age groups in the case of either height or body weight, not for the young men or the young women in the study; (2) the differences between height and weight in the case of the male and female as characteristic for this age group can be observed; (3) the female students are more often found to be overweight or obese than the male students; (4) the majority of participant students can be classified into the normal nutritional status’ category, which holds true for both the young men and women of the study; (5) the fat percentages calculated based on skin fold values show that in terms of weight, the majority of the female students fall under the ‘acceptable’ category, while the majority of the young men are classed as ‘thin’; (6) in the case of abdominal overweight 20.0 % of men and 19.48 % of women belong to the category ‘obese’. This information about the students of the teacher training program is vital, as these young men and women will play an important role as future teachers and thereby, as role models helping to prevent childhood obesity and guiding children throughout their education towards a healthy life style.

Introduction: Chronic, non-communicable diseases accounted for 74% of deaths worldwide in 2024, representing a significant social and economic burden. The WHO identifies reducing preventable risk factors as a primary intervention point. Patient-centered care plays a prominent role in modern healthcare, promoting prevention and increasing the effectiveness of lifestyle therapy by taking into account the individual needs, lifestyle, and motivations of patients. Nutritional guidelines play a crucial role in prevention and medical nutrition therapy. However, the effectiveness of personalized dietary care is greatly influenced by the health literacy of the population. Objective: Our research aimed to explore the characteristics that emerge in the interpretation of the OKOSTÁNYÉR ^® nutritional recommendations based on health literacy. Medical nutrition therapy is an important part of lifestyle management for chronic, non-communicable diseases. However, the effectiveness of such interventions is greatly influenced by patients’ health literacy. Our research aimed to explore observable characteristics based on health literacy in the interpretation of the OKOSTÁNYÉR ^® dietary recommendations, with the goal of increasing the effectiveness of dietetic practice. Sample and method: The research was based on a qualitative methodological approach, using focus group interviews. Four online focus group interviews were conducted with 6 participants each (N = 24). 58% of the participants were women (14 people) and 42% were men (10 people); their average age was 50.1 years. A quantitative survey using the HLS-EU47 questionnaire was conducted prior to the selection of participants, during which groups with low and normal health literacy were formed based on internationally validated cut-off scores. The selection of participants was preceded by a quantitative survey, on the basis of which groups with low and normal health literacy were formed. The audio recordings and transcripts of the discussions were analyzed by group and thematic unit, using multi-coded systematic data processing. Coding, analysis, and data visualization were supported by NVivo14 and SmartDraw softwares. Results: Based on the lifestyles, behaviors, and aspirations of individuals with normal and low health literacy, distinctly different character groups can be identified. Higher health literacy is linked to coping strategies that support health maintenance. Awareness of the OKOSTÁNYÉR ^® recommendation is moderate (33.3%), particularly among those with low health literacy (16.6%). Navigating the vast amount of health information available can be challenging, especially for individuals with low health literacy. When it comes to ideal nutritional advice, participants highlighted the importance of reliable sources, however, they primarily rely on the internet and social media for answers to their nutritional questions, only seeking professional help when a health issue has already been established. They assess recommendations based on their personal habits and beliefs, often modifying them accordingly. Conclusion: Low health literacy can pose a significant barrier to effective dietary interventions. In the future, it will be essential to improve health communication, for example, by developing targeted nutritional recommendations and providing guided support to groups with low health literacy, such as developing nutritional competencies and increasing the effectiveness of personalized, patient-centered dietary counselling. Orv Hetil. 2026; 167(24): 952–964.