In this paper we address the inheritance process in the context of strongly typed Object-oriented database (OODB) systems, allowing multiple inheritance and overriding. For such powerful systems, it is important to analyse the inheritance hierarchy to identify a number of significant properties. The first, schema consistency, is connected to the inheritance conflicts. In the presence of an unsolvable inheritance conflict there is a contradiction in the schema. The second property is related to the termination of the inheritance process. We expect that all the subtypes in the schema, if consistent, can be rewritten in expanded form, after inheritance, in a finite time. Schemas that guarantee these two formal properties will be referred to as correct schemas. In the paper a graph-theoretic method is provided, aimed at supporting the designer in checking the correctness and deriving the expanded form of a schema. Furthermore, from the analysis of the complexity of the inheritance process, a third formal property has been defined, concerning the degree of compactness achievable in a schema, by using inheritance hierarchies. In particular, a class of schemas has been defined, referred to as logarithmic schemas, whose expanded forms, after inheritance, become exponential in the size of the original schemas.

The theme of the essay: The presentation of an environmental analysis model Aim and utility: environmental condition varieties as well as effects on people; economic and social activities behind the effects and their influence on changing environmental policy regulations; establish a conceptual organization which can support the analysis of interactions.

A biopolymer blend of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephtalate) (PBAT) in a 60/40 weight ratio was investigated as a potential green alternative to thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) for material extrusion (MEX)-based additive manufacturing. A comparison of the two materials was conducted based on their tensile mechanical properties, evaluated using 3D-printed specimens fabricated with three distinct infill raster orientations (0°, ±45°, and 90°). The results showed that the tensile strengths of the two materials were relatively similar, ranging from 14.7 to 34.8 MPa, depending on the raster angle. However, the stiffness of PLA/PBAT was considerably higher than that of TPU, as reflected by Young’s modulus values an order of magnitude greater. While the elongation at break was comparable at 0° infill orientation (214% for PLA/PBAT and 265% for TPU), TPU exhibited better tolerance to increasing raster angles, with elongation only decreasing to 134% at 90°. In contrast, PLA/PBAT dropped drastically to 2%.

This study describes a measuring instrument based on the Michelson interferometer. It is able to measure the amplitude-time function or the resonance curve in a wide frequency range simultaneously depending on the amplitude of the vibration without any kind of mechanical contacts. Compared with other instruments based on similar principles, it has the advantage of not being a heterodyne interferometer, that is of using only the phenomenon of classic interference instead of the frequency of Doppler shift of the reflected light. The reflective surface of the oscillating object or the mirror glued thereon may turn, which is often the case. The software performs a correction to the errors arising from the turning of the mirror. In the realized instrument the allowed maximum angle of rotation of the mirror is ±5°, measuring range of the amplitude is 5 micron to 1 mm, measuring range of the frequency is 1 Hz to 5×10⁴ Hz depending on the amplitude. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.

The authors have researched the phenomenon of female terrorism in the area of rational choice and economic benefit. Popular quotations «qui prodesse» and «сherchez la femme» are combined from these positions in the non-standard authors’ approach to understanding the motivational factors underlying extremist movements. It has been proved that the increase in the number of women in the ranks of terrorists is largely due to the so-called economic benefit factor for the terrorist acts organisers. The actions of a suicide bomber, in the broad sense, are predominantly based on a rational basis: the achievement of the last personal good - identity. The article presents the transformation of female terrorism in the historical perspective; actual conflicts and contradictions in international law and national legal systems, as well as false social attitudes and stereotypes complicating the fight against this dangerous social phenomenon. Data obtained from the social networks allows concluding that hundreds of women are now fighting in the ranks of militants in the East of Ukraine. At the beginning of the conflict, many of them hid their faces on personal pages on the Internet, hiding from their relatives a fact that they are hired killers. At the moment, most of them are proud of their participation in extremist groups, post their photos with weapons. Suicide terrorism of Muslim women and crimes committed by female militants in the East of Ukraine have one thing in common - the preparation and use of women as a living «weapon» by the extremist groups is cheaper either in terms of financial investments and costs for psychological brainwashing and military training. Based on the analytical data and identified patterns, we have argued the strategic directions of counteraction to female terrorism and have proved the following: mankind will be able to break this danger on the condition of a new, free of stereotypes way of thinking and coordinated efforts of the world community in all spheres of social life including economic, legal, socio- and cultural ones.

Within the framework Interreg IIIC REGINS (Regional standardized Interfaces for a better integration of regional SMEs in the European Economy - http://www.regins.org) the Department of Logistics and Forwarding at the Széchenyi István University in Gyor, Hungary started a project with the title "Promotion of RFId (Radio Frequency Identification)". The project started in June 2005, and ended in May 2006. Our partners are situated in Upper Austria, Stuttgart Region, and Lombardy Region. Our project screens the state of the art and the ongoing development of RFId technology and processes. Special focus is on the needs of SMEs. This paper is the first in a series of publications regarding this topic, screening the state-of-the-art of RFId systems and the challanges and possibilities of the introduction to various supply chains. © 2006 IEEE.

A simple, fast, and cost-effective organic solvent-based protocol was developed for DNA extraction from deer antlers and prepared trophy skulls, eliminating the need for commercial kits or cryogenic grinding. The method combines bead-based mechanical homogenization with a 4 h enzymatic digestion in EDTA buffer containing N-lauryl sarcosine and Proteinase K, followed by phenol–chloroform–isoamyl alcohol purification and centrifugal filtration. DNA quality and quantity were evaluated using agarose gel electrophoresis, Qubit fluorometry, and Nanodrop spectrophotometry. The protocol was tested on 60 samples, comprising 30 antlers and 30 pedicle parts from prepared trophy skulls of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), fallow deer (Dama dama), and red deer (Cervus elaphus). To assess suitability for downstream applications, species-specific microsatellite markers were amplified using multiplex PCR, successfully generating complete genotypes from all 60 samples. These results, along with a demonstrated case study, confirm that the developed protocol provides high-quality DNA suitable for molecular genetic investigations, enabling reliable genotyping from small amounts of both antler and processed trophy materials in forensic and conservation contexts.

Background: Lower respiratory infections (LRIs) remain the world's leading infectious cause of death. This analysis from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 provides global, regional, and national estimates of LRI incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with attribution to 26 pathogens, including 11 newly modelled pathogens, across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023. With new data and revised modelling techniques, these estimates serve as an update and expansion to GBD 2021. Through these estimates, we also aimed to assess progress towards the 2025 Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD) target for pneumonia mortality in children younger than 5 years. Methods: Mortality from LRIs, defined as physician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis, was estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model with data from vital registration, verbal autopsy, surveillance, and minimally invasive tissue sampling. The Bayesian meta-regression tool DisMod-MR 2.1 was used to model overall morbidity due to LRIs. DALYs were calculated as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) for all locations, years, age groups, and sexes. We modelled pathogen-specific case-fatality ratios (CFRs) for each age group and location using splined binomial regression to create internally consistent estimates of incidence and mortality proportions attributable to viral, fungal, parasitic, and bacterial pathogens. Progress was assessed towards the GAPPD target of less than three deaths from pneumonia per 1000 livebirths, which is roughly equivalent to a mortality rate of less than 60 deaths per 100 000 children younger than 5 years. Findings: In 2023, LRIs were responsible for 2·50 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·24–2·81) deaths and 98·7 million (87·7–112) DALYs, with children younger than 5 years and adults aged 70 years and older carrying the highest burden. LRI mortality in children younger than 5 years fell by 33·4% (10·4–47·4) since 2010, with a global mortality rate of 94·8 (75·6–116·4) per 100 000 person-years in 2023. Among adults aged 70 years and older, the burden remained substantial with only marginal declines since 2010. A mortality rate of less than 60 deaths per 100 000 for children younger than 5 years was met by 129 of the 204 modelled countries in 2023. At a super-regional level, sub-Saharan Africa had an aggregate mortality rate in children younger than 5 years (hereafter referred to as under-5 mortality rate) furthest from the GAPPD target. Streptococcus pneumoniae continued to account for the largest number of LRI deaths globally (634 000 [95% UI 565 000–721 000] deaths or 25·3% [24·5–26·1] of all LRI deaths), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (271 000 [243 000–298 000] deaths or 10·9% [10·3–11·3]), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (228 000 [204 000–261 000] deaths or 9·1% [8·8–9·5]). Among pathogens newly modelled in this study, non-tuberculous mycobacteria (responsible for 177 000 [95% UI 155 000–201 000] deaths) and Aspergillus spp (responsible for 67 800 [59 900–75 900] deaths) emerged as important contributors. Altogether, the 11 newly modelled pathogens accounted for approximately 22% of LRI deaths. Interpretation: This comprehensive analysis underscores both the gains achieved through vaccination and the challenges that remain in controlling the LRI burden globally. Furthermore, it demonstrates persistent disparities in disease burden, with the highest mortality rates concentrated in countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Globally, as well as in these high-burden locations, the under-5 LRI mortality rate remains well above the GAPPD target. Progress towards this target requires equitable access to vaccines and preventive therapies—including newer interventions such as respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibodies—and health systems capable of early diagnosis and treatment. Expanding surveillance of emerging pathogens, strengthening adult immunisation programmes, and combating vaccine hesitancy are also crucial. As the global population ages, the dual challenge of sustaining gains in child survival while addressing the rising vulnerability in older adults will shape future pneumonia control strategies. Funding: Gates Foundation.

Although the Hungarian political elite recognized that it is the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy which provided the country with a position of great power, from the 1890 s onwards there was a noticeable increase in independent Hungarian expansionist efforts. Among the complex reasons for this were the results of the Hungarian state’s modernization program, the economic development, and the emergence of a new elite of officials and politicians who had been socialised in the institutional system of Dualism, were au fait with the system, and were able to use it. The strengthening of Hungarian positions and the search for opportunities to assert the country’s interests within the common institutional system of Austria-Hungary, a series of economic policy measures, efforts to gain ground economically, mainly in the south-east, and, to a certain extent and in certain points, the goal of creating a Hungarian nation state emerged as means of achieving expansionist goals. Although the political elite could rightly feel that the country’s room for manoeuvre, weight, and ability to assert its interests within the Monarchy had increased, giving rise to a certain optimism, this proved to be a kind of optical illusion. It is true that Hungary’s clout within the Monarchy had increased, but the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was steadily losing its importance compared to the other great powers, so the Hungarian elite could formulate its ambitious goals as a strengthening element of a weakening Empire.