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Publications - 6674

Comparison of Outdoor Radiowave Propagation Models for Land Mobile Systems in the 3.6 GHz and 6 GHz Frequency Bands

Miklós Kuczmann Tamás István Unger

Publication Name: Telecom

Publication Date: 2025-06-01

Volume: 6

Issue: 2

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

This paper presents a comparative analysis of three outdoor wave propagation models—ITU-R P.1546-6, the SUI model, and ITU-R P.452-17—benchmarked against the deterministic Parabolic Equation Modeling (PEM) method at 3.6 GHz and 6 GHz. The evaluation focuses on prediction accuracy (RMSE, MAE, bias, relative error), terrain sensitivity, and computational efficiency. At 3.6 GHz, ITU-R P.1546-6 shows poor terrain responsiveness and high relative errors, while ITU-R P.452-17 demonstrates strong terrain sensitivity and low errors in flat areas, but decreased accuracy over hilly terrain. At 6 GHz, the SUI model consistently underestimates field strength and exhibits weak terrain sensitivity, limiting its use to rough estimations. In contrast, ITU-R P.452-17 maintains good terrain correlation and acceptable accuracy, although it slightly overestimates field strength in complex environments. The results confirm that prediction accuracy, terrain sensitivity, and bias are highly model- and frequency-dependent. ITU-R P.452-17 emerges as the most reliable and computationally efficient alternative to deterministic methods when terrain effects must be considered without significant computational overhead.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/telecom6020042

First report of Xanthomonas arboricola on oleander

László Palkovics Anita Végh Attila FODOR

Publication Name: Phytopathologia Mediterranea

Publication Date: 2025-01-01

Volume: 64

Issue: 1

Page Range: 101-108

Description:

Nerium oleander L is a long-lasting flowering vegetatively propagated ornamental plant of the Mediterranean region, where it is a major imported flowering pot plant. Only a few bacteria can infect it such as Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. nerii, Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Xylella fastidiosa. Between 2018 and 2022 we collected several infected plant parts in our country. In 2020 we observed atypical symptoms on the leaves and stems, which were not clearly similar to the known bacterial infection of oleander. In our work, we aimed to identify the pathogen. The isolates formed yellowcoloured bacterial colonies on King-B and on YDC agar, were Gram-negative, oxidase negative and induced hypersensitive reaction on tobacco leaves. The biochemical properties were determined by API 20E and API 50CH tests. Brown necrosis was observed on oleander leaves in a pathogenicity test. Multilocus sequence analysis was used for molecular identification of the pathogen. Three housekeeping genes (gyrB, fyuA and rpoD) were amplified. According to symptoms, colony morphology, biochemical features, pathogenicity and molecular methods, the pathogen was identified as Xanthomonas arboricola. This is the first report of the plant pathogenic Xanthomonas spp. on oleander.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.36253/phyto-15575

Numerical study to investigate the viscous characteristic length on reconstructed porous media

H. Szűcs

Publication Name: Alexandria Engineering Journal

Publication Date: 2023-03-01

Volume: 66

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 269-286

Description:

Until now, no general numerical method has been published for characterizing the viscous characteristic length, although there is a high demand to assist whole vehicle development with accurate geometric parameters. A new formula was proposed to determine the viscous characteristic length (Λ) directly based on the viscous dissipation work, which was combined with the general definition of the characteristic length. This new expression facilitated significantly faster convergence than the known formula (Johnson) for inviscid fluids by representing viscous fluids through the material sample. The complete CFD simulation procedure was introduced based on the solution of Navier-Stokes equations. The novel expression is capable of any homogeneous material samples assuming that high-resolution reconstruction can be carried out, compared to Johnson's formula, which is limited to idealized cases. Good agreement between simulation and measurement results was found by applying fluid velocity instead of frequency. It was found that viscous losses dominate not only inside the pore connections but also in other regions, and the Reynolds number must be limited to the laminar regime. On that basis, the implemented model has more advantages against measurements and Johnson's formula, like the repeatability as well as ensuring analyses under steady-state and real conditions.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1016/j.aej.2022.11.022

Toward Social Disclosure Alignment: Evaluating the Interoperability of ISSB S2 with ESRS and GRI Standards

Árpád Tóth Péter Molnár Bence Lukács

Publication Name: Societies

Publication Date: 2025-10-01

Volume: 15

Issue: 10

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

The evolution of sustainability reporting has led to an increased emphasis on environmental disclosures, often at the expense of social and governance dimensions. While frameworks such as the International Sustainability Standards Board’s (ISSB) IFRS S2 standard offer important advances in climate-related transparency, they insufficiently address the broader social aspects of corporate sustainability performance. In response to this gap, this study investigates the interoperability of social disclosures across three major frameworks: ISSB S2, the European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS), and the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards. Using a structured interoperability index, we systematically map and score the degree of thematic and structural alignment between these standards, focusing specifically on social disclosure topics. The analysis reveals moderate interoperability between ESRS and GRI social disclosures, but far lower alignment between ISSB S2 and either ESRS or GRI, confirming the ongoing underrepresentation of the social pillar within the ISSB framework. Connectivity ratios remain below 6% across all matrices, underscoring persistent fragmentation in global ESG reporting standards. These findings highlight the need for regulatory bodies and standard setters to advance harmonization efforts that equally prioritize environmental, social, and governance dimensions. By foregrounding the interoperability gaps in social disclosures, this study contributes to the academic debate on ESG convergence and informs policy discussions on developing multidimensional, stakeholder-responsive reporting architectures.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/soc15100273

High-Nitrate-Supply-Induced Transcriptional Upregulation of Ascorbic Acid Biosynthetic and Recycling Pathways in Cucumber

Erzsébet Kiss-Bába Anita Szegő István Papp Iman Mirmazloum Márta Gyöngyik Neda Hesari Henriett Kolozs Dominika Vasas Zsolt Pónya

Publication Name: Plants

Publication Date: 2023-03-01

Volume: 12

Issue: 6

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

Nowadays open field and protected vegetable cultivation practices require and use genotypes which are precisely tailored to their intended growth environments. Variability of this kind provides a rich source of material to uncover molecular mechanisms supporting the necessarily divergent physiological traits. In this study, typical field-optimized and glasshouse-cultivated cucumber F1 hybrids were investigated, and displayed slower growth (‘Joker’) and faster growth (‘Oitol’) in seedlings. Antioxidant capacity was lower in ‘Joker’ and higher in ‘Oitol’, pointing to a potential redox regulation of growth. The growth response of seedlings to paraquat treatment indicated stronger oxidative stress tolerance in the fast-growing ‘Oitol’. To test whether protection against nitrate-induced oxidative stress was also different, fertigation with increasing potassium nitrate content was applied. This treatment did not change growth but decreased the antioxidant capacities of both hybrids. Bioluminescence emission revealed stronger lipid peroxidation triggered by high nitrate fertigation in the leaves of ‘Joker’ seedlings. To explore the background of the more effective antioxidant protection of ‘Oitol’, levels of ascorbic acid (AsA), as well as transcriptional regulation of relevant genes of the Smirnoff–Wheeler biosynthetic pathway and ascorbate recycling, were investigated. Genes related to AsA biosynthesis were strongly upregulated at an elevated nitrate supply in ‘Oitol’ leaves only, but this was only reflected in a small increase in total AsA content. High nitrate provision also triggered expression of ascorbate–glutathion cycle genes with stronger or exclusive induction in ‘Oitol’. AsA/dehydro–ascorbate ratios were higher in ‘Oitol’ for all treatments, with a more pronounced difference at high nitrate levels. Despite strong transcriptional upregulation of ascorbate peroxidase genes (APX) in ‘Oitol’, APX activity only increased significantly in ‘Joker’. This suggests potential inhibition of APX enzyme activity specifically in ‘Oitol’ at a high nitrate supply. Our results uncover an unexpected variability in redox stress management in cucumbers, including nitrate inducibility of AsA biosynthetic and recycling pathways in certain genotypes. Possible connections between AsA biosynthesis, recycling and nitro-oxidative stress protection are discussed. Cucumber hybrids emerge as an excellent model system for studying the regulation of AsA metabolism and the roles of AsA in growth and stress tolerance.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/plants12061292

Testing Road Vehicle User Interfaces Concerning the Driver’s Cognitive Load

Péter Földesi Szabolcs Fischer Szabolcs Szalai Mykola Sysyn Gábor Kovács Dmytro Kurhan Viktor Nagy

Publication Name: Infrastructures

Publication Date: 2023-03-01

Volume: 8

Issue: 3

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

This paper investigates the usability of touch screens used in mass production road vehicles. Our goal is to provide a detailed comparison of conventional physical buttons and capacitive touch screens taking the human factor into account. The pilot test focuses on a specific Non-driving Related Task (NDRT): the control of the on-board climate system using a touch screen panel versus rotating knobs and push buttons. Psychological parameters, functionality, usability and, the ergonomics of In-Vehicle Information Systems (IVIS) were evaluated using a specific questionnaire, a system usability scale (SUS), workload assessment (NASA-TLX), and a physiological sensor system. The measurements are based on a wearable eye-tracker that provides fixation points of the driver’s gaze in order to detect distraction. The closed road used for the naturalistic driving study was provided by the ZalaZONE Test Track, Zalaegerszeg, Hungary. Objective and subjective results of the pilot study indicate that the control of touch screen panels causes higher visual, manual, and cognitive distraction than the use of physical buttons. The statistical analysis demonstrated that conventional techniques need to be complemented in order to better represent human behavior differences.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/infrastructures8030049

Migration of highly skilled workers as a driver of digital economy development

Yuriy Bilan Halyna Mishchuk Olena Oliinyk

Publication Name: Knowledge and Performance Management

Publication Date: 2025-01-01

Volume: 9

Issue: 2

Page Range: 113-123

Description:

The migration of highly skilled workers and its impact on productivity, competitiveness, and innovative development is becoming an increasingly relevant area of scientific research in the context of rapid digitalization of the economy. In this regard, the article aims to explore the relationship between the migration of highly skilled workers and digital economy development (using the example of EU countries). The study was conducted using correlation analysis and parametric data analysis methods, based on EU countries’ statistics on the migration of highly skilled workers, macroeconomic digitalization indicators, and the adoption of digital technologies at the business level. The results confirm that highly skilled migrants positively affect aggregate indicators of economic digitalization: correlation coefficients with the Global Digitalization Index and the DiGiX Digital Index are 0.735 and 0.692, respectively, and are statistically significant. At the company level, a significant influence of highly skilled migrants on the use of specific digital technologies in EU companies was confirmed. In particular, there is a strong correlation between the “Foreign Highly Skilled Personnel” indicator from the IMD World Talent Ranking 2024 and digital intensity indicators (level of application of key business-related digital technologies), as well as business activity in using big data analytics technologies: the correlation coefficients are 0.770 and 0.689, respectively, and are statistically significant. The proposed approach to analyzing the relationship between highly skilled worker migration and the digital development outcomes of companies and host countries can be used to develop and adjust knowledge and human resource productivity management strategies at both the micro- and macroeconomic levels.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.21511/kpm.09(2).2025.09

Enhanced Heat Recovery Network with Integrated Sensible Heat Storage Facilities for Energy Intensive Industry

Ákos Orosz Viknesh Andiappan Bing Shen How Tiffany Ang Ferenc Friedler

Publication Name: Chemical Engineering Transactions

Publication Date: 2025-01-01

Volume: 120

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 19-24

Description:

Energy-intensive industries contribute large amounts of greenhouse gas emissions. An effective strategy to decarbonise these industries is by applying process integration tools to enhance energy efficiency and reduce overall energy consumption. Recent studies showed that thermal energy storage offers significant benefits in energy efficiency enhancement, as it can amplify the energy recovery potential. Despite its potential, studies that applied process integration tools to address heat recovery problems with consideration of heat storage remain limited. This work develops an optimisation framework that aims to determine optimal heat storage type and size based on the total annualised cost (i.e., costs associated with storage facilities and utilities) to form a feasible heat recovery network between plants. The proposed framework is demonstrated through a case study that focuses on optimising the sensible heat storage selection for indirect heat integration between a mixed plastic waste treatment plant and a steel mill. By analysing the performance and effectiveness of the storage media studied, nitrate salt storage medium is selected due to its greatest energy and cost savings of 12.7 % and 20.7 %, when compared to direct Heat Integration. Insights from this provide information on the feasibility of implementing a storage-supported heat recovery network in the energy-intensive industry.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3303/CET25120004

Investigation of Digital Light Processing-Based 3D Printing for Optimized Tooling in Automotive and Electronics Sheet Metal Forming

Szabolcs Fischer Szabolcs Szalai Mykola Sysyn Dmytro Kurhan Brigitta Fruzsina Szívós Vivien Nemes György Szabó

Publication Name: Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing

Publication Date: 2025-01-01

Volume: 9

Issue: 1

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

This study addresses the emerging need for efficient and cost-effective solutions in low-volume production by exploring the mechanical performance and industrial feasibility of cutting tools that are fabricated using stereolithography apparatus (SLA) technology. SLA’s high-resolution capabilities make it suitable for creating precise cutting dies, which were tested on aluminum sheets (Al99.5, 0.3 mm, and AlMg3, 1.0 mm) under a 60-ton hydraulic press. Measurements using digital image correlation (DIC) revealed minimal wear and deformation, with tolerances consistently within IT 0.1 mm. The results demonstrated that SLA-printed tools perform comparably to conventional metal tools in cutting and bending operations, achieving similar surface quality and edge precision while significantly reducing the production time and cost. Despite some limitations in wear resistance, the findings highlight SLA technology’s potential for rapid prototyping and short-run manufacturing in the automotive and electronics sectors. This research fills a critical gap in understanding SLA-based tooling applications, offering insights into process optimization to enhance tool durability and broaden material compatibility. These advancements position SLA technology as a transformative tool-making technology for flexible manufacturing.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/jmmp9010025