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Publications - 6383

CT based analysis of reworked BGA devices

Imre Fekete István Kozma R. Csontos

Publication Name: 21st Imeko TC 4 International Symposium on Understanding the World Through Electrical and Electronic Measurement and 19th International Workshop on ADC Modelling and Testing

Publication Date: 2016-01-01

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 288-292

Description:

The widespread use of computed tomography in the electronic field allows for an extended range of measurements to be carried out. High integration devices can be tested easily with μCT, and provide large amount of data to characterize the technology parameters. This paper focuses on the inspection of BGA solder ball geometry and quantification of different properties of the solder arrays.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: DOI not available

An improved index of interactivity for fuzzy numbers

József Mezei Peter Varlaki Robert Fuller

Publication Name: Fuzzy Sets and Systems

Publication Date: 2011-02-16

Volume: 165

Issue: 1

Page Range: 50-60

Description:

In this paper we will introduce a new index of interactivity between marginal possibility distributions A and B of a joint possibility distribution C. The starting point of our approach is to equip each γ-level set of C with a uniform probability distribution, then the probabilistic correlation coefficient between its marginal probability distributions is interpreted as an index of interactivity between the γ-level sets of A and B. Then we define the index of interactivity between A and B as the weighted average of these indexes over the set of all membership grades. This new index of interactivity is meaningful for the whole family of joint possibility distributions. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1016/j.fss.2010.06.001

Optimizing the Artificial Aging Process of Lubricating Oils Contaminated by Alternative Fuel Using Design of Experiments Methodology

András Lajos Nagy Dominika Pintér

Publication Name: Lubricants

Publication Date: 2025-09-01

Volume: 13

Issue: 9

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

This study aimed to develop an experimental method for producing artificially aged oil with properties—such as coefficient of friction, average wear scar diameter, and antiwear additive content—similar to those of used oil contaminated with alternative fuel, sampled after 129 h of engine test bench operation. A design of experiment (DoE) methodology was applied to examine the effects of various parameters and identify optimal settings. Friction and wear tests were conducted using an Optimol SRV5 tribometer in a ball-on-disc configuration, while wear scars were analyzed with a Keyence VHX-1000 digital microscope. Oil analysis was conducted with an Anton Paar 3001 viscometer and a Bruker Invenio-S Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer. The DoE results showed that the heating duration had a negligible effect on oil degradation. Aging time primarily affected changes in the friction coefficient and average wear scar diameter, whereas aging temperature was the primary factor influencing the anti-wear additive content. Gaussian elimination identified the optimal aging parameters as 132.8 °C and 103.1 h. These results were confirmed through surface analysis using a ThermoFisher NexsaG2 X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, which showed that the tribofilm composition of the used oil most closely matched that of artificially aged oils prepared at 120 °C for 96 h and 140 °C for 120 h. The strong correlation between the predicted and experimentally confirmed conditions demonstrates the reliability of the proposed method for replicating realistic aging effects in lubricating oils.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/lubricants13090405

Sustainable Land Production Methods: The Spatiotemporal Evolution, Determinants, and Future Implications of Grain Crop Production Agglomeration in China Under Resource Constraints

Irum Shahzadi Cheng Li Feng Wu Mingxing Zheng Zhaocai Cui Irum Shahzadi

Publication Name: Land Degradation and Development

Publication Date: 2026-04-30

Volume: 37

Issue: 7

Page Range: 2671-2684

Description:

Amid the backdrop of increasing global extreme weather events and tightening resource constraints on grain crop production. China, as the world's most populous country, faces persistent challenges to grain security. On one hand, grain crop production agglomeration (GCPA) can effectively address grain security challenges by optimizing the spatial layout of agricultural production. On the other hand, it can enhance the efficiency of resource utilization in grain production, thereby ensuring the stability and sustainability of the national grain supply. The study uses 1980 as the baseline and employs a range of analytical methods, including the spatial Gini coefficient, industrial concentration, global Moran's I, and LISA agglomeration map, to investigate the temporal–spatial variation trends and characteristics of GCPA in China from 2000 to 2020. Subsequently, a spatial Durbin model with time and space fixed effects is applied to identify the key factors influencing changes in the level of GCPA. The findings are further contextualized to explore opportunities for leveraging GCPA to promote sustainable land resource development. The results reveal that, from temporal variation trends in GCPA, the overall level of GCPA in China has exhibited a steady upward trend. From temporal variation characteristics in GCPA, the provinces contributing to GCPA have gradually concentrated in Heilongjiang, Henan, Shandong, and Anhui, demonstrating significant provincial convergence. From spatial variation trends in GCPA, while the global Moran's I of GCPA experienced brief declines in 2009 and 2018, it has generally shown a steadily increasing trend, reflecting strong spatial dependence. From spatial variation characteristics in GCPA, the spatial distribution of GCPA exhibits polarization, with provinces transitioning between high-high (H-H) and low-low (L-L) agglomeration clusters. This indicates that regions with lower grain production capacity are likely to experience further declines, regardless of their proximity to high-production regions. The analysis identifies agricultural transportation infrastructure as the most critical factor promoting GCPA. Conversely, excessive use of chemical fertilizers and labor inputs in grain crop production are found to hinder GCPA. Based on these findings, the study recommends enhancing agricultural transportation infrastructure and improving the efficiency of traditional agricultural inputs to elevate GCPA levels, thereby fostering sustainable land resource development.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1002/ldr.70268

Course innovation in business higher education – A case study of a BA Commerce and Marketing course

Attila Kurucz Szandra Gombos

Publication Name: International Conference on Higher Education Advances

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 448-455

Description:

This paper explores the dynamic landscape of higher education, specifically in the domain of Commerce and Marketing, over the past decade. As higher education faces evolving challenges and changing stakeholder expectations, the study delves into the ongoing debate regarding the alignment of higher education, including business education on a Commerce and Marketing BA course in West-Hungary. The research employs a comprehensive case study methodology spanning ten academic years to showcase the course's development and innovations. The study scrutinizes changes in teaching methodologies, course materials, seminar and project assignments, applied technologies, and assessment methods. Findings from in-depth interviews with business professionals, and student observations reveal the course's adaptation to market needs and challenges encountered during the online transition. The results suggest that, despite disruptions in the academic year 20/21 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the development of this course in the examined years successfully aligns with market expectations, fostering competencies essential for the business domain, thanks to introducing new methodologies (interactive project-based, seminars), usage of AI assisted applications, and introducing new forms of assessments.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.4995/HEAd24.2024.17347

Parasomnias manifest different phenotypes of sleep-related behaviors in age and sex groups. A YouTube-based video research highlighting the age slope of sleepwalking

Vivian M. Correa József Vitrai Anna Szűcs

Publication Name: Journal of Clinical Neuroscience

Publication Date: 2024-04-01

Volume: 122

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 110-114

Description:

Study objective: Finding typical patterns - phenotypes - of sleep behaviors characterizing parasomnias in different age and sex groups. Methods: We analyzed YouTube videos on sleep-related behaviors likely representing parasomnias. We applied the search terms “sleepwalking”, “somnambulism”, “sleep eating”, “sleep sex”, “sleep talking”, and “aggression in sleep” in six languages. We classified those persons shown on the videos into estimated biological sex and age (child, adult, elderly) groups. We scored the activity types by a self-made scale and applied binary logistic regression to analyze the association between sleep behaviors versus sex and age groups by the STATA package, providing a 95% confidence interval and the probability of statistical significance. Results: 224 videos (102 women, 68 children, 16 adults, and 40 elderly people) were scored. Elderly people had significantly (P < 0.012) lower odds of sleepwalking compared to adults and children. Adult females performed complex manual activities during sleepwalking more often than males (P < 0.012). Elderly males had 40-fold odds compared to adults and children, to perform aggressive movements and 70-fold odds of complex movements in bed, compared to adults. Elderly people presented emotional behaviors less frequently than adults (P < 0.004), and females showed them twice as often as males. Adults sleep-talked full sentences more often than children and elderly people (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Our results support the existence of age- and sex-specific parasomnia phenotypes, denoting possible safety measures. The remarkably low odds of sleepwalking in the elderly highlight the possibility of different pathomechanisms in higher age groups compared to children. Brief Summary and study impact: Parasomnias present highly variable clinical forms and often cause injuries. Identifying typical phenotypes may help risk management and imply theoretical conclusions. Our study supports the existence of age-specific parasomnia phenotypes. We found that adult women have a high risk of performing dangerous activities during sleep, and elderly males often move violently in bed, likely representing dream enactment behaviors. Elderly people of both sexes have low odds of sleep ambulation- likely representing somnambulism; compared to adults and children, constituting a descending “age slope” of somnambulism that might reflect different underlying pathomechanisms in children versus adults and the elderly.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2023.11.016

Influencing Factors of International Trade in Food Resources: Land, Economic, and Social Features

Laszlo Vasa Lubos Smutka Kunlin Zhu Fenghua Liu Jiangtao Gao Xiangli Guo

Publication Name: Land Degradation and Development

Publication Date: 2026-04-15

Volume: 37

Issue: 6

Page Range: 2149-2165

Description:

International food resource trade serves as a critical mechanism for ensuring global food security and promoting worldwide economic development, which involves multidimensional interactions spanning land, economic, and social factors. Utilizing panel data from 40 countries (2003–2023), this study establishes an evaluation index system for international food resource trade based on agricultural endowments, economic development, and geographic characteristics. QAP analysis was employed to systematically investigate the primary influencing factors of international food resource trade. Results indicate that per capita arable land area, national GDP, trade structure, and legal safeguards exert sustained and significantly positive effects on international food resource trade. Geographical distance between countries and population size demonstrates statistically insignificant impacts. Policy regimes—particularly disparities and uncertainties in tariff rates—impede international food resource trade. In conclusion, countries should strengthen cooperation to refine trade policies and legal frameworks through strategic alignment of food resource trade. Proactively establishing international food trade platforms will enhance the efficient allocation of global food resources and facilitate collective responses to global food security challenges.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1002/ldr.70235

Eternal Stewardship in Law: The Legal Concept and Temporal Aspects of Sustainable Development

Gergely Horváth

Publication Name: Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Law

Publication Date: 2025-12-10

Volume: 20

Issue: 39

Page Range: 423-441

Description:

Although sustainable development is a late twentieth-century construct, its foundations can be traced to classical legal cultures, particularly Roman and Jewish law, which embedded resource stewardship, communal access, and intergenerational equity. Contemporary legal discourse presents numerous definitions; this study therefore conducts a selective comparative analysis, emphasizing the Hungarian legislative definition and its environmental focus. The research demonstrates that a precise and unambiguous definition of sustainable development is essential, as the pathway toward sustainability remains unclear without it. It is not enough to ensure “the long-term” improvement of quality of life and preservation of biodiversity, it is crucial to prevent the collapse of ecological systems. In the context of sustainability, the temporal dimension emerges as paramount, necessitating a perspective “sub specie aeternitatis” – that is, an orientation toward the perpetual existence of humankind, framed within the horizon of eternity. Although the tendencies appear unfavorable, or even hopeless, there remains potential for a positive outcome.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.21029/JAEL.2025.39.423

Ctrl + Alt + Remedy? Child Rights, Access to Justice and Preventive Responses to Cyberbullying in the European Union

Enikő Kovács-Szépvölgyi Bernadett Szakács Brigitta Molnár

Publication Name: Societies

Publication Date: 2026-04-01

Volume: 16

Issue: 4

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

This study examines how European Union Member States address cyberbullying affecting children through legal and policy frameworks, paying particular attention to children’s rights. It employs a qualitative, document-based comparative methodology, applying a harmonized codebook to analyze definitional, legal, preventive, and reactive responses across all 27 EU Member States. The analytical framework is grounded in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, the EU Strategy on the Rights of the Child, the Better Internet for Kids (BIK+) initiative, and the Digital Services Act, which serve as normative benchmarks. Coding draws on EU-level harmonized sources, including Joint Research Centre outputs and the 2025 BIK policy reports, and aggregates the findings into a composite structural indicator capturing the formal regulatory and policy coverage of cyberbullying from a child rights perspective. The results indicate a high level of formal regulatory attention in most Member States, particularly regarding criminal law protection, educational prevention, and institutional reporting mechanisms. However, child-specific and child-friendly elements—such as explicit cyberbullying definitions, adapted reporting procedures, and tailored civil law remedies—remain uneven and limited. The study concludes that, despite comprehensive formal regulation, significant gaps persist in the integration of child-centered and access-to-justice-oriented mechanisms, underscoring the need for strengthened child rights approaches and further research on implementation and children’s lived experiences.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/soc16040116