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Publications - 6374

From totality to hybridity and beyond: The challenges of state security systems in the context of the info-communication revolutions

Ádám Farkas Laszlo Vikman

Publication Name: Frontiers in Political Science

Publication Date: 2026-01-01

Volume: 7

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

Contemporary security is increasingly defined by a matrix of hybrid threats, driven by info-communication revolutions that blur the lines between war and peace. Mainstream literature typically explains these challenges through the concept of ‘hybridity,’ focusing on post-Cold War technological and tactical novelties. However, this approach often lacks deeper historical and state-theoretical grounding. This study proposes a new theoretical framework by drawing a parallel between the current security environment and the 20th-century transformations analyzed by Carl Schmitt. We argue that the defining characteristic of contemporary security is not ‘hybridity’ but ‘totality.’ By reinterpreting Schmitt’s concepts of the ‘total state’ and the ‘partisan,’ we situate today’s challenges within a longer historical process of societal and political totalization, accelerated by the info-communication revolution. The analysis employs a qualitative methodology combining theoretical synthesis, historical-comparative analysis, and conceptual critique. Our analysis identifies a ‘total security environment’ characterized by three key attributes: (1) the complete fusion of military, economic, social, and informational domains; (2) the collapse of spatial and temporal constraints on state and non-state action; and (3) the systemic vulnerability of the state’s own normative and legal foundations. We demonstrate that hybrid threats are a logical manifestation of this total environment, representing ‘total threats’ that demand ‘total responses.’ By foregrounding ‘totality’ over ‘hybridity,’ this study provides a novel foundation for understanding and addressing contemporary security challenges. It suggests that effective solutions require moving beyond tactical countermeasures and rethinking statehood itself, focusing on systemic resilience, adaptable governance models, and societal preparedness. The historical experiences of previous security paradigm shifts offer crucial patterns for navigating this new era of total security.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3389/fpos.2025.1749077

Calculation of Thermal Stresses of Cast Iron Tubbings Under Fire Effect

Éva Lublóy Zoltán Major János Szép

Publication Name: Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 59

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 431-437

Description:

This article builds on our existing knowledge of the heating of cast iron tunnel linings and deals with the structural analysis of tunnel linings under fire exposure. Due to space constraints, we do not address the issue of sizing for earth pressure and surface loads. Since the analysis of thermal stresses due to restrained deformations is insufficient in the available literature, we will try to complement the existing theoretical knowledge with the knowledge provided by the relevant standards for cast iron lining of tunnels. In addition, we will try to add our own individual reflections to the theory where we have identified gaps. The theoretical summary is compiled in such a way that it is easily transferable and applicable to everyday practice. Our finite element analysis shows that the value of the embedding factor has a small effect on the development of the axial constraint stresses in the tunnel direction, while in the ring direction has a significant effect. In all cases, stiffer embedding results in higher stress values. In all cases, the ring direction compressive stresses are lower than the longitudinal stresses due to the deformation of the tunnel ring. There is no literature data available on the value of the compressive stresses, so we have tried to provide some indicative data in tabular form for the profession. The solution adopted and the values proposed are based on the authors' individual ideas and are not the result of an accepted professional consensus. In all cases where more precise data are required, it is recommended that a more detailed study be carried out. Finite element modelling can provide the necessary support for designers and experts.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3233/ATDE240576

Examining cross‐border cultural tourism as an indicator of territorial integration across the slovak–hungarian border

Tamás Hardi Eszter Szemerédi Gyula Ocskay Marcell Kupi

Publication Name: Sustainability Switzerland

Publication Date: 2021-07-01

Volume: 13

Issue: 13

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

There are numerous examples of cross‐border regions in Europe, which are regions not properly demarcated by national borders. One of the main driving forces of the European Union is to turn the dividing borders into connecting borders by strengthening the cohesion between states and regions, thus, encouraging regions to remedy the existing ethnic and cultural fragmentation by increasing the intensity and number of cross‐border contacts. Our research focuses on proving that, in symbolic places, such as the cross‐border area of Komárom and Komárno, the cultural values, monuments, and heritage sites are the strongest attraction factors for nationality‐based cultural tourism. To support our hypothesis, we conducted an empirical survey within the framework of the H2020 SPOT (Social and Innovative Platform on Cultural Tourism and its potential towards deepening Europeanisation) in the cross‐border region of Komárom and Komárno. The evaluation con-centrated on four aspects of cultural tourism: the nature of cultural tourism in the area, the resident and visitor perceptions of the cultural tourism offerings, opportunities to increase cross‐border col-laboration, and options to improve the cultural tourism offerings of the area. Our results show that, although there is a great potential in the cross‐border tourist destination of Komárom–Komárno, the integration of the (once united) two towns is advancing very slowly, which can be witnessed in the weaknesses of tourism integration as well.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/su13137225

Optimized machine learning approach for detecting TCP exhaustion attacks in modbus-TCP/IP networks

Zoltán Dobrády Timót Hidvégi Szilvia Nagy

Publication Name: Journal of Intelligent Systems

Publication Date: 2026-01-01

Volume: 35

Issue: 1

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

The Modbus TCP/IP protocol, widely adopted in industrial communications, lacks essential security features, making it vulnerable to cyberattacks such as TCP Connection Exhaustion. This paper proposes a machine learning-based detection framework using the Random Forest (RF) algorithm to identify malicious traffic in Operational Technology (OT) networks. A simulated testbed was created using virtual machines to emulate Modbus server-client communication under normal and attack conditions. Our model achieved F1-score of 99.83 %, precision of 99.9 %, and recall of 99.7 %, clearly demonstrating its accuracy and robustness. These results validate the proposed approach as a lightweight, real-time, and effective intrusion detection system suitable for resource-constrained industrial environments.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1515/jisys-2025-0015

Calculation Possibilities of the Local Fire Effect for the Examination of Bridge Superstructures

Éva Lublóy Zoltán Major János Szép

Publication Name: Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 59

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 382-388

Description:

For the examination of bridge superstructures, there is no single standard method in the literature for the design of structures, and possibility for their diagnosis after fire damage. Designers often overcome this problem by examining the fire curves used for tunnel fires, as the materials feeding the combustion are considered to be very similar. In contrast, in some articles, the use of localised fires in design and control is suggested by the authors. This is a standard method used in Eurocode. To solve the problem, two methods must be applied. Heskestad's method describes the case where the flame does not reach the superstructure of the bridge, while Hasemi's method describes the case where the flame does. Heskestad's method is presented in the standard in a way that can be used by practising engineers. The great advantage of Hasemi's method is that it can quantify the effects of several localised fires, each one separate from the other. This feature is very useful for the fire design of, for example, covered car parks and bridge structures. In such a test, the total heat flow on the lower plane of the slab or superstructure can be interpreted as the sum of the heat flows from each local fire. The standard, on the other hand, it does not provide additional assistance to designers in solving the problem. That is way, he should be able to determine the temperature of the structural element, a method which is not provided for in the standard. This problem leads to a fourth degree equation, which again leaves the designer on his own to solve. There is no formula for solving the fourth degree equation. In this case, it becomes more useful to find a sufficiently accurate approximate solution (Newton's method) rather than an exact solution. In this article, we present in detail the possibilities of solving the local fire effect in order to enable practising engineers to use it.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3233/ATDE240570

Sustainability Analysis of the Financial Situation of Hungarian Food Companies

Károly Kacz Szabolcs Troján Judit Hegyi Éva Szalka Judit Makkos-Káldi

Publication Name: Chemical Engineering Transactions

Publication Date: 2024-01-01

Volume: 114

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 943-948

Description:

In this study, the economic and financial performance of the Hungarian food industry sector sample between 2017 and 2022 was examined, with a special focus on the sustainable development rate. The increasingly prominent adverse economic and environmental changes in recent years have had a strong impact on firm-level performance, which can cause national economic problems in a strategic sector such as the food industry. The assessment relied mainly on information from a financial position and profit and loss accounts. The data were used to determine financial ratios and to calculate different growth rates, which were used to analyse the financing and sustainable growth issues of the sector. The number of Hungarian food processing enterprises has gradually declined over the period under study, with a concentration trend in terms of enterprise size, form and employment structure, as well as within sectors. Turnover and expenditure show linear growth at current prices, with increases in the various profit categories. The asset structure is stable, and profitability is improving. The number of companies and employment in the sector has been steadily declining in recent years, while efficiency is increasing, with total sector turnover approaching HUF 6.5 × 1012. The increase in profits in the food industry is remarkable for all branches of the economy. The sector is adapting well to the negative effects of the changing economic environment. The results of the study can help business leaders in their planning work when considering the evolution of growth rates, particularly the Sustainable Growth Rate.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3303/CET24114158

Integrated Analysis and Assessment of the Hungarian Regions in Terms of Health Problems and Waste Management Challenges caused by Asbestos

András Torma Gergely Zoltán Macher Dóra Beke

Publication Name: Chemical Engineering Transactions

Publication Date: 2023-01-01

Volume: 107

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 361-366

Description:

Nowadays, more information is available regarding the health problems and waste management challenges caused by asbestos, and the research directions that focus on alternative agents, transport processes and mobilization routes of asbestos have gained ground. Only in recent years has the published research on the subject begun to deal more intensively with the development of evaluation methods that would ensure the consistent numerical qualification of individual territorial units. This paper examines the exposure of certain regions of Hungary along the lines of asbestos-related waste management and health aspects. After that, the individual relationships were identified and explored based on the specific patterns of the formed groups. The methodology of this paper is the calculation of an internationally applied integral index, the advantage of which is that it enables the comparison of numerical values with different dimensions. The focus of research is not the development of a new scientific methodology, but rather an exploration of the situation and regional comparability of asbestos exposure that is much more multidisciplinary, complex and multidimensional than the previous viewpoints. The value of the calculated integral index was 0.310±0.155 in 2005, while 0.339±0.170 in 2020. The rate of change in the value of the asbestos involvement and exposure integral index shows an increase of +28.5 % between 2005 and 2020. Based on the results, there are significant differences between the individual regions of Hungary along the values of the calculated multidimensional integral indices.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3303/CET23107061

Environmental effects, population genetic parameters, breeding value, phenotypic and genetic trend for age at first calving of limousin cows

Szabolcs Bene Eszter Szabó Márton Szűcs Judit Márton Ferenc Szabó Péter J. Polgár

Publication Name: Journal of Central European Agriculture

Publication Date: 2021-01-01

Volume: 22

Issue: 2

Page Range: 240-249

Description:

Some environmental effects, population genetic parameters, breeding value of Limousin breeding bulls, also phenotypic and genetic trends in the age at first calving (AFC) of cows between 1992 and 2013 were estimated. Data were served by the Limousin and Blonde d’Aquitaine Breeders Association, in Hungary. The study was extended to three herds and 1157 cows. GLM method was used for the study of different effects, the BLUP animal model for estimation of population genetic parameters and breeding values (BV), and one-way linear regression analysis for trend calculations. The overall mean value of the AFC was estimated to be 34.7±0.4 months. The contribution of the evaluated factors to the phenotype was as follows: herd 73.51%, birth year of cow 13.02%, sire 6.74%, birth season of cow 1.62%. The heritability of AFC proved to be low (h2 = 0.08±0.07 and h2 = 0.01±0.04). There were relatively small differences in the estimated BV of the studied sires for the AFC. Based on the phenotypic trend calculation, the AFC of cows decreased by an average of 0.33 months per year, however no significant change was found in the genetic trend during the study period.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.5513/JCEA01/22.2.3161

Getting the priorities straight: resource use, emissions, impacts, avoidable/unavoidable waste

Petar Sabev Varbanov

Publication Name: Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy

Publication Date: 2023-12-01

Volume: 25

Issue: 10

Page Range: 3129-3130

Description:

No description provided

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1007/s10098-023-02671-4