This paper firstly gives a general outline about the features of various spaces. Time spaces and cost spaces have non-metric characteristics, moreover, time spaces and cost spaces are not continuous. Therefore, topographic maps are not always an appropriate basis for cognitive information processing, the everyday behaviour and the study of spatial relationships. The paper demonstrates the differences between geographical space and time-spaces at two different scales, such as the road network time-space of Hungary and a district of the capital city Budapest. With the first example the rapidly changing Hungarian time-space during the last two decades can be vividly demonstrated, thanks to new motorway construction. The second example compares different types of space, as for example the difference between the time- space of a pedestrian and a vehicle.

Landouria canalifera Páll-Gergely, Tumpeesuwan & Tumpeesuwan sp. nov. is described from Koh Samui, southern Thailand. It is characterized by a deep groove inside the umbilicus on the last ca. 1.5 whorls, corresponding with a columellar fold in the aperture. Also, there is a basal apertural tooth, corresponding with a shallow groove on the basal side of the shell just behind the peristome. These two barriers form a shallow canal in the aperture. Although the reproductive anatomy of this new species is not known, it probably belongs to the genus Landouria, which is widespread in Thailand and in the neighboring countries.

The dimension of particles can significantly influence the load response and the performance of uniformly graded ballast layers in railway track structures in real-world conditions. Yet, the micromechanical behavior of the unbound aggregate ballast layer assembly, particularly affected by particle size, remains largely unexplored. In this study, the distinct element model of a direct shear test was initially simulated using friction coefficients of 0.8, 0.9, and 1, and particle size distribution No.4A. The dimensions of the shear test box were 300 mm in width, 300 mm in length, and 180 mm in height. Additionally, a constant normal force of 333 kPa was applied to the sample during the simulation. Subsequently, this model was compared with experimental results, revealing a close correspondence between simulated and experimental shear stress-displacement curves, particularly for the friction coefficient of 1. Following this verification, the validated model was employed to investigate three other particle size distributions: No.4, No.5, and No.57. The results demonstrated a reduction in shear stress for particle size distributions No.4, No.5, and No.57 compared to No.4A, with quantified decreases of 11.9%, 38.2%, and 56.7%, respectively.

For both heavy cargo Rail lines and High-Speed Lines, the railway industry continues to develop railway track design technologies. Within the past years, using an asphalt layer as a part of the railway track became so common as a support layer, it helps to reduce noise and vibration levels, reduce the thickness of the cross-sectional layers, reduce the lifetime maintenance, and many other great advantages. This paper will discuss the application of asphalt layers in railways, functionality, application fields, and types of asphalted trackbeds. Design requirements and parameters of asphalt layers, the mix design, installation process, and international experiences will be mentioned. Asphalt layers can improve the overall performance of the trackbeds and their behavior under repeated stresses of trains, the effect of asphalt layers on stress and strain ratios will be briefly discussed.

Introduction: Chronic, non-communicable diseases accounted for 74% of deaths worldwide in 2024, representing a significant social and economic burden. The WHO identifies reducing preventable risk factors as a primary intervention point. Patient-centered care plays a prominent role in modern healthcare, promoting prevention and increasing the effectiveness of lifestyle therapy by taking into account the individual needs, lifestyle, and motivations of patients. Nutritional guidelines play a crucial role in prevention and medical nutrition therapy. However, the effectiveness of personalized dietary care is greatly influenced by the health literacy of the population. Objective: Our research aimed to explore the characteristics that emerge in the interpretation of the OKOSTÁNYÉR ^® nutritional recommendations based on health literacy. Medical nutrition therapy is an important part of lifestyle management for chronic, non-communicable diseases. However, the effectiveness of such interventions is greatly influenced by patients’ health literacy. Our research aimed to explore observable characteristics based on health literacy in the interpretation of the OKOSTÁNYÉR ^® dietary recommendations, with the goal of increasing the effectiveness of dietetic practice. Sample and method: The research was based on a qualitative methodological approach, using focus group interviews. Four online focus group interviews were conducted with 6 participants each (N = 24). 58% of the participants were women (14 people) and 42% were men (10 people); their average age was 50.1 years. A quantitative survey using the HLS-EU47 questionnaire was conducted prior to the selection of participants, during which groups with low and normal health literacy were formed based on internationally validated cut-off scores. The selection of participants was preceded by a quantitative survey, on the basis of which groups with low and normal health literacy were formed. The audio recordings and transcripts of the discussions were analyzed by group and thematic unit, using multi-coded systematic data processing. Coding, analysis, and data visualization were supported by NVivo14 and SmartDraw softwares. Results: Based on the lifestyles, behaviors, and aspirations of individuals with normal and low health literacy, distinctly different character groups can be identified. Higher health literacy is linked to coping strategies that support health maintenance. Awareness of the OKOSTÁNYÉR ^® recommendation is moderate (33.3%), particularly among those with low health literacy (16.6%). Navigating the vast amount of health information available can be challenging, especially for individuals with low health literacy. When it comes to ideal nutritional advice, participants highlighted the importance of reliable sources, however, they primarily rely on the internet and social media for answers to their nutritional questions, only seeking professional help when a health issue has already been established. They assess recommendations based on their personal habits and beliefs, often modifying them accordingly. Conclusion: Low health literacy can pose a significant barrier to effective dietary interventions. In the future, it will be essential to improve health communication, for example, by developing targeted nutritional recommendations and providing guided support to groups with low health literacy, such as developing nutritional competencies and increasing the effectiveness of personalized, patient-centered dietary counselling. Orv Hetil. 2026; 167(24): 952–964.

The issue of autonomous vehicles is one of the most pressing issues of our time that raises important questions regarding the territory of public international law. The development and spread of autonomous vehicles require predictable international regulation, which is extremely necessary in the field of international transport, where several steps have been taken in this direction. The aim of the study is to reveal and evaluate the actual overview of the state of regulation of autonomous vehicles within the field of international transport, paying special attention to the work of United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and the World Forum for Harmonisation of Vehicle Regulations (World Forum). For this purpose, the study analyzes the steps taken so far, presenting the two ways of regulation within these organs: the amendments of the existing rules of international transport and the creation of new documents for autonomous vehicles. With analytical, descriptive and comparative research methods, the study examines the question of whether these regulatory efforts are sufficient and what further steps should be taken to address the issue of autonomous vehicles in a satisfactory manner. The study comes to the conclusion that both the amendments and the new documents created so far have disadvantages, due to which they should be only regarded as starting points and the work should be continued in the direction of a new, precise and binding international treaty or treaties on autonomous vehicles. Based on the results of the study, this solution could contribute to the safety, sustainability and future of autonomous vehicles and international transport.

In Western Transdanubia in 2018 and in Central-Hungary in 2022 spiderwort plants showed flower breaking symptoms and mild mosaic on the foliage, which indicated a potential virus infection. One gram of symptomatic leaf sample was collected at both locations. Potyvirus-specific ELISA tests demonstrated potyvirus infection. To identify the virus species, potyvirus-specific RT-PCR was carried out on the samples. In both samples specific PCR products were detected and cloned into pGEM®-T Easy vector. The nucleotide sequences of the inserts were determined by Sanger sequencing. BLASTn searches on the complete coat protein region of both isolates demonstrated more than 99.87% identity with Tradescantia mild mosaic virus (TraMMV; accession number OL584375). Koch postulates were fulfilled by sap inoculating seed grown spiderwort plants. Phylogenetic analyses of the TraMMV coat protein sequences revealed two distinct evolutionary lineages: a tropical subgroup with at least 97.84% identity within the group and temperate subgroup with at least 98.97% identity within the group. One major difference between the subgroups was in the triplet responsible for vector transmission. The isolates belonging to the tropical subgroup had DAG triplets, while the temperate subgroup had NAG triplets. The difference in the triplets could be caused by natural diversification, directional selection or disruptive selection. License: CC BY-NC-ND

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Increasing traffic volumes leads to changes in traffic conditions, especially at intersections. These changes affect the ability of Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) such as pedestrians and bicyclists to cross the road safely, especially at un-signalized crossings (without traffic lights), where many road users are conflicting at the same point of the road and neglecting 'in some cases' the priority issue. Although the emphasis on pedestrian safety has recently increased, there is still a need to analyze the causal factors of VRUs accidents and define their relationship to road design characteristics. This paper presents a study bout vehicle – pedestrian and bicyclist conflicts analysis using Swedish conflict technique at three un-signalized pedestrian crossings in the city of Győr-Hungary, where some pedestrian accidents were happened between 2014 and 2018, and reported based on accidents database in Hungary. The aim is to analyse vehicle-pedestrian and bicyclist interactions, and evaluate the severity of conflicts with the help of the Swedish technique graph. The findings concluded that there is a compatibility between Swedish conflict technique and accident records with regard to conflicts severity and the probability of accidents occurrence.