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Publications - 6374

Type-2 Neutrosophic Markov Chain Model for Subject-Independent Sign Language Recognition: A New Uncertainty–Aware Soft Sensor Paradigm

Áron Ballagi Oday Ali Hassen Saad M. Saad Muslem Al-Saidi

Publication Name: Sensors

Publication Date: 2024-12-01

Volume: 24

Issue: 23

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

Uncertainty-aware soft sensors in sign language recognition (SLR) integrate methods to quantify and manage the uncertainty in their predictions. This is particularly crucial in SLR due to the variability in sign language gestures and differences in individual signing styles. Managing uncertainty allows the system to handle variations in signing styles, lighting conditions, and occlusions more effectively. While current techniques for handling uncertainty in SLR systems offer significant benefits in terms of improved accuracy and robustness, they also come with notable disadvantages. High computational complexity, data dependency, scalability issues, sensor and environmental limitations, and real-time constraints all pose significant hurdles. The aim of the work is to develop and evaluate a Type-2 Neutrosophic Hidden Markov Model (HMM) for SLR that leverages the advanced uncertainty handling capabilities of Type-2 neutrosophic sets. In the suggested soft sensor model, the Foot of Uncertainty (FOU) allows Type-2 Neutrosophic HMMs to represent uncertainty as intervals, capturing the range of possible values for truth, falsity, and indeterminacy. This is especially useful in SLR, where gestures can be ambiguous or imprecise. This enhances the model’s ability to manage complex uncertainties in sign language gestures and mitigate issues related to model drift. The FOU provides a measure of confidence for each recognition result by indicating the range of uncertainty. By effectively addressing uncertainty and enhancing subject independence, the model can be integrated into real-life applications, improving interactions, learning, and accessibility for the hearing-impaired. Examples such as assistive devices, educational tools, and customer service automation highlight its transformative potential. The experimental evaluation demonstrates the superiority of the Type-2 Neutrosophic HMM over the Type-1 Neutrosophic HMM in terms of accuracy for SLR. Specifically, the Type-2 Neutrosophic HMM consistently outperforms its Type-1 counterpart across various test scenarios, achieving an average accuracy improvement of 10%.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/s24237828

Quantitative determination of protein of bacterial origin

J. Schmidt Zs Csapó-Kiss J. Csapó T. G. Martin

Publication Name: Trac Trends in Analytical Chemistry

Publication Date: 2001-01-01

Volume: 20

Issue: 1

Page Range: 42-48

Description:

Several methods have been developed for the determination of the proportion of nitrogen-containing substances of microbial origin in the digestive tracts of cattle. These include assays that use nucleic acids and adenosine triphosphate as indicators, radioisotopes 35S, 15N, 32P and 33P incorporated into bacterial protein and phospholipids, duodenal amino acid composition with amino-ethylphosphonic acid, diaminopimelic acid and D-alanine (D-Ala) contents as indicators. On the basis of the data in the literature on D-amino acid content of milk and milk products the authors came to the conclusion that D-glutamic acid (D-Glu) and D-aspartic acid (D-Asp) can be considered as markers for proteins of bacterial origin. To demonstrate this, experiments have been carried out and some of the results are reported here. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1016/s0167-2940(01)90105-0

Application of Spectroscopic Techniques in Heavy Metal Analysis for Meat Quality Assurance

Pavithra Hemachandra G. K.P. Hemachandra

Publication Name: Ceylon Journal of Science

Publication Date: 2025-01-01

Volume: 54

Issue: 2

Page Range: 507-514

Description:

Quality assurance is a critical aspect of human food. Meat is one of the major high-quality protein suppliers to the human body and plays an essential role in our daily meals. With industrialization, heavy metals became major food contaminants leading to serious health risks. FAAS (Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry), GFAAS (Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry), ICP-MS (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry) and ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry) are analytical methods that promise consumer safety by ensuring quality assurance of meat and meat products with their accurate and reliable analytical capacity. Their characteristics may vary with their theory of analysis and advancement of applied technology. Dry ashing, wet digestion, microwave-assisted digestion, and ultrasonic extraction like different sample preparation techniques or direct analysis after slurry preparation like simple sample preparation, are involved with spectroscopic analytical methods to prevent the sample matrix effect. These methods are validated based on parameters such as LOD (Limit of Detection), LOQ (Limit of Quantification), recovery %, relative standard deviation, and characteristic mass to ensure their reliability.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.4038/cjs.v54i2.8573

Community transport experiences, in connection with diesel-LPG mixed operation buses belonging to the category of heavy vehicles

I. Lakatos

Publication Name: International Journal of Heavy Vehicle Systems

Publication Date: 2025-01-01

Volume: 32

Issue: 2

Page Range: 137-162

Description:

Various international literature sources and papers address the issue of the theoretical implementation of using liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) gas as catalyst material injected into the carburetor system of diesel engines and its positive impact on the characteristic features of the engine and its emission. In Europe, for example, Landi-Renzo, one of the biggest Italian companies dealing with traditional gas systems, is developing a compressed natural gas (CNG)-diesel system. The present paper outlines the operational characteristics of a diesel-LPG dual operating system based on our own experiments and measurements which have been carried out on the transformed buses of the Southern Transdanubian Transportation Centre (DDKK, Hungary). In the process of evaluation two aspects were taken into consideration: the impact on emission and that on fuel consumption. Of course, the tests can be extended to wider areas, which take into account both vehicle structures and the environment (Palkovics and El-Gindy, 1993; Palkovics et al., 1996; Shokouhfar et al., 2016).

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1504/IJHVS.2025.145131

A Novel Gradient-Weighted Voting Approach for Classical and Fuzzy Circular Hough Transforms and Their Application in Medical Image Analysis—Case Study: Colonoscopy

Raneem Ismail Szilvia Nagy

Publication Name: Applied Sciences Switzerland

Publication Date: 2023-08-01

Volume: 13

Issue: 16

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

Featured Application: The circular fuzzy Hough transform with gradient-weighted voting can be used for finding the contours of circle-like shapes, such as colorectal polyps on colonoscopy images, as well as other cases that require a given relative gradient edge around the circle-like objects. Classical circular Hough transform was proven to be effective for some types of colorectal polyps. However, the polyps are very rarely perfectly circular, so some tolerance is needed, that can be ensured by applying fuzzy Hough transform instead of the classical one. In addition, the edge detection method, which is used as a preprocessing step of the Hough transforms, was changed from the generally used Canny method to Prewitt that detects fewer edge points outside of the polyp contours and also a smaller number of points to be transformed based on statistical data from three colonoscopy databases. According to the statistical study we performed, in the colonoscopy images the polyp contours usually belong to gradient domain of neither too large, nor too small gradients, though they can also have stronger or weaker segments. In order to prioritize the gradient domain typical for the polyps, a relative gradient-based thresholding as well as a gradient-weighted voting was introduced in this paper. For evaluating the improvement of the shape deviation tolerance of the classical and fuzzy Hough transforms, the maximum radial displacement and the average radius were used to characterize the roundness of the objects to be detected. The gradient thresholding proved to decrease the calculation time to less than 50% of the full Hough transforms, and the number of the resulting circles outside the polyp’s environment also decreased, especially for low resolution images.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/app13169066

Effects of Cognitive Biases and Their Fuzzy Measure During Freight Transportation

Peter Foldesi Adrian Horváth Eszter Sós

Publication Name: Lecture Notes in Logistics

Publication Date: 2023-01-01

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 29-43

Description:

Cognitive biases affect all aspects of our lives, including the decision-making process related to the routing of freight transport. In the process of using human-machine systems, people upload rational and objective algorithms in order to obtain the best possible results in the route planning process. Nevertheless, during the route choice process, human reasoning, based on experience and assumptions, overrides the choice of the machine, that is, cognitive biases appear in the decision-making processes. For this reason, we investigate how an objective system of interests becomes a cognitive bias during the process of making decisions related to the route choice of freight transport by motor vehicle. Furthermore, we present a methodology to estimate fuzzy measures of route-related deviations concerning time and distance, which may be indicative of the emergence of cognitive biases.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-28236-2_3

Milestones in Developping the TP Model Transformation

Péter Baranyi

Publication Name: Gpmc 2019 1st IEEE International Conference on Gridding and Polytope Based Modeling and Control Proceedings

Publication Date: 2019-11-01

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 25-29

Description:

The goal of the paper is to introduce the key variants of the TP model transformation and to provide a practical and theoretical overview of this framework.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1109/GPMC48183.2019.9106959

One succeeds and the other fails? Criminal justice in times of emergency

Peter Vaczi

Publication Name: Frontiers in Political Science

Publication Date: 2025-01-01

Volume: 7

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

The Government has declared a state of emergency for the whole territory of Hungary for a period of 210 days from 1 November 2022 in view of the armed conflict and humanitarian disaster in Ukraine and to avert and manage the consequences of such conflicts in Hungary. Under the rules of emergency legislation, the Government is thus once again in a constitutional position to suspend the application of certain laws, derogate from statutory provisions and take other extraordinary measures. On the basis of this authorization, Government Decree 3/2023 (I. 12.) on the different application of certain provisions concerning the execution of sentences during a state of emergency was adopted at the beginning of the year, according to which, upon the request of a non-Hungarian convict, the national commander of the penitentiary system shall suspend the execution of the sentence until the transfer of the sentence, provided that certain conditions are met and there are no grounds for exclusion. Based on a detailed analysis of the legislation, it can be concluded that in practice this may also mean the remission of the remaining part of the sentence, since the receiving foreign state must ensure the enforcement of the sentence under Hungarian rules, but it is questionable whether this will be done. This outcome, however, runs counter to the fundamental principle of criminal justice, the principle of proportionate punishment, as it discriminates between offenders based on nationality. How compatible is this solution with the fundamental principles of the rule of law, such as non-discrimination or the principle of the obligation to be punished?

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3389/fpos.2025.1511739

Comparative Analysis of Discrete-Time and Precedence-Based MILP Formulations for Sustainable Scheduling in Furniture Manufacturing

Botond Bertok Károly Kalauz Márton Frits

Publication Name: Chemical Engineering Transactions

Publication Date: 2025-01-01

Volume: 121

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 151-156

Description:

Efficient production scheduling plays a pivotal role in enhancing productivity and reducing energy consumption in mass manufacturing environments. This study presents a comparative evaluation of two mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) formulations - Discrete-Time Process Network Synthesis (PNS) and Precedence-Based Time-Constrained Process Network Synthesis (TCPNS) - for optimizing production scheduling in furniture manufacturing. Both approaches are grounded in the P-graph framework, which excels at representing complex, flexible process recipes commonly found in large-scale production systems. The TCPNS model, with its precedence-based structure, offers high-resolution scheduling capabilities and accurately manages complex changeover constraints. It enables the computation of exact start times and resource allocations, leading to highly optimized schedules. However, this precision comes with increased computational demand, which can become impractical for large-scale instances. Conversely, the PNS approach discretizes the planning horizon into time slots, significantly reducing model size and complexity. While this may result in less granular schedules, the formulation allows for faster solution times and easier integration of combinatorial simplifications, making it a practical alternative for real-time applications. The research also explores automated model generation techniques for both formulations, highlighting multi-resolution capabilities in the discrete-time approach that allow flexible trade-offs between accuracy and computational effort. A real-life case study from the furniture manufacturing sector is used to benchmark the two optimization strategies. The results demonstrate the practical implications of each method in terms of schedule precision, computational performance, and energy-aware utilization, i.e., if minute-to-minute scheduling is sufficient instead of milliseconds, then traditional PNS algorithms can offer the same sustainable solution with 10,000 times faster computation.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3303/CET25121026