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Anchoring Bias in Generative AI: A Comparative Analysis of Large Language Models in a Pricing Scenario

Boglárka Eisingerné Balassa Réka Koteczki

Publication Name: 2025 IEEE 16th International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications Coginfocom 2025

Publication Date: 2025-01-01

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 115-120

Description:

Generative artificial intelligence systems are increasingly appearing in decision-support processes, so it is essential to address the extent to which these models are prone to human-like cognitive biases. This study investigates whether anchoring bias can be detected in large language models in a simulated market decision-making situation where the AI's task was to determine the launch price of a new smartwatch. In the experimental setup, five different generative AI models (GPT-4o, GPT-4.5, Gemini 2.5 Pro, Grok 3 Beta, Sonar) were tested with low and high numerical anchor values. For each model, 20 runs were performed under both conditions (a total of 200 queries), and the results were analyzed using an independent sample t-test and an anchoring index. Based on the results, the GPT-4o model showed significant anchoring bias (AnI=13.12%), while in the case of GPT-4.5, this was more moderate (AnI =5.67%). The responses of the other models were completely consistent, with a standard deviation of 0 and no changes observed between different anchoring conditions. The hypothesis tests confirmed that the anchoring effect is not universally characteristic, but rather a model-dependent behavioral peculiarity. The study contributes to the measurement of bias sensitivity in artificial intelligence and to the development of a possible future behavioral benchmark. The practical significance of the research is that it draws attention to the fact that individual models may be sensitive to irrelevant numerical contexts, which can lead to biased results in business decisions. Therefore, for companies, not only language performance but also this type of bias profile may be an important consideration when selecting and deploying generative AI systems.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1109/CogInfoCom66819.2025.11200816

Hardware implementation of fuzzy flip-flops based on łukasiewicz norms

Antonio Hernandez-Zavala László Gál Rita Lovassy Ildar Batyrshin Oscar Camacho Nieto László T. Kóczy

Publication Name: Proceedings of the 9th Wseas International Conference on Applied Computer and Applied Computational Science Acacos 10

Publication Date: 2010-12-01

Volume: Unknown

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: 196-201

Description:

The digital hardware implementation of various fuzzy operations furthermore of fuzzy flip-flops has been the subject of intense study and application. The fuzzy D flip-flop derived from fuzzy J-K one is a single input - single output unit with sigmoid transfer characteristics in some particular cases, proper to use as neuron in a Fuzzy Neural Networks (FNN). In this paper we propose the hardware realization of fuzzy D flip-flops based on Łukasiewicz norms.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: DOI not available

A robust fingerprint identification approach using a fuzzy system and novel rotation method

Ahmad A. Momani Ahmad A. Momani Ahmad A. Momani László T. Kóczy

Publication Name: Pattern Recognition

Publication Date: 2025-03-01

Volume: 159

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

Forensic science has developed significantly in the last few decades. Its key role is to provide crime investigators with processed data obtained from the crime scene to achieve more accurate results presented in court. Biometrics has proved its robustness against various critical crimes encountered by forensics experts. Fingerprints are the most important biometric used until now due to their uniqueness and production low cost. The automated fingerprint identification system (AFIS) came into existence in the early 1960s through the cooperation of the countries: USA, UK, France, and Japan. Ever since it started to develop gradually because of the challenges found at the crime scenes such as fingerprints distortions and partial cuts which in turn can severely affect the final calculations made by experts. The vagueness of the results was the main motivation to build a robust fingerprint identification system that introduces new and enhanced methods in its stages to help experts make more accurate decisions. The proposed fingerprint identification system uses Fourier domain analysis for image enhancement, then the system cuts the image around the core point after applying the rotation and core point detection methods. After that, it calculates the similarity based on the distance between fingerprint histograms extracted using the Local Binary Pattern (LBP). The system's last step is to translate the results into a sensible form where it utilizes fuzziness to provide more possibilities for the answer. The proposed identification system showed high efficiency on FVC 2002 and FVC 2000 databases. For instance, the results of applying our system on FVC 2002 provided a set of three ordered matching candidates such that 97.5 % of the results provided the correct candidate as the first order, and the rest of 2.5 % provided the correct candidate as the second order.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1016/j.patcog.2024.111134

Lymphopenia as a diagnostic biomarker in clinical COVID-19: insights from a comprehensive study on SARS-CoV-2 variants

D. U. Ozsahin Y. Waheed U. Saeed R. Tahir Z. Z. Piracha R. Uppal A. A. Khan M. S. Uppal M. R. Uppal S. S. Gilani D. U. Ozsahin C. Rahman

Publication Name: Brazilian Journal of Biology

Publication Date: 2025-01-01

Volume: 85

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

The enduring SARS-CoV-2 pandemic necessitates robust tools for severity assessment. This study, conducted at Islamabad Diagnostic Center across Pakistan from January 2021 to August 2022, aimed to investigate hematological abnormalities among suspected SARS-CoV-2 subjects. Initial enrollment included 130,347 cases, with 53,078 confirmed positive and 77,269 negative. An additional 11,786 samples expanded the dataset to 142,133. The Omicron and Centaurus variants, in confirmed positive patients, exhibited a slightly higher frequency of hematological abnormalities (30.42%) than negative participants (27.01%). Notably, lymphocyte count reduction (40.95%) suggested its potential as an alternative diagnostic parameter for clinical COVID-19. Decreased levels of NA (37.99%), HGB (26.17%), MCV (20.60%), PLT (6.15%), and ALB (2.28%) were observed. Abnormally elevated NEU, CR, MONO, RBCs, WBC, and EOS levels affected 26.00%, 24.28%, 30.79%, 22.02%, 6.28%, and 5.53% of subjects, respectively. Comparatively, positive patients exhibited higher abnormal blood parameters—LYMP count (57.40%), NEU count (46.08%), EOS count (62.48%), MONO count (31.61%), RBC count (30.32%), ALC count (43.60%), CR count (30.91%), NA count (40.53%), CRP count (68.46%), and DD (63.08%) than negative counterparts. The study underscores lymphocytopenia’s potential as a cost-effective, early diagnostic biomarker for clinical COVID-19, preceding real-time PCR diagnosis. This supports its consideration in resource-limited settings for strategic screening and policy-making in the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 battle.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.284362

Using Dimensionality Reduction Methods to Explore the Social, Cultural and Geographical Reasons Behind Food Waste in the European Union

Anikó Zseni András Horváth Gergely Zoltán Macher

Publication Name: Sustainability Switzerland

Publication Date: 2025-10-01

Volume: 17

Issue: 20

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

The paper investigates disparities in food waste generation across European Union countries between 2020 and 2022, focusing on spatial and sustainability dimensions. It utilizes data for six key food waste parameters and a broad range of environmental, social and economic indicators. A combination of statistical methods, including correlation analysis, cluster analysis and Principal Component Analysis, uncovers multivariate patterns and identifies groups of countries with similar food waste characteristics and related factors. The paper highlights the temporal and spatial dynamics of food waste over the three-year period, particularly in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. While the total volume of food waste remained relatively stable across the EU, notable shifts occurred in waste sources. Household food waste peaked in 2021, likely due to increased time spent at home during pandemic-related lockdowns. Conversely, waste from retail, restaurants and food service sectors showed a consistent increase. The paper identifies non-trivial correlations between food waste and socio-economic variables, suggesting that differences in food waste generation across EU countries are influenced by a complex interplay of factors, including policy effectiveness, cultural practices, consumer behaviour and economic conditions. This comprehensive analysis of food waste patterns across EU countries and over time offers valuable insights for policymakers aiming to reduce waste and promote sustainability.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.3390/su17209315

Current use and future perspectives of spatial audio technologies in electronic travel aids

Runar Unnthorsson Michał Bujacz Alin Moldoveanu Simone Spagnol Marcelo Herrera Martínez Oana Bslan György Wersényi

Publication Name: Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Publication Date: 2018-01-01

Volume: 2018

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

Electronic travel aids (ETAs) have been in focus since technology allowed designing relatively small, light, and mobile devices for assisting the visually impaired. Since visually impaired persons rely on spatial audio cues as their primary sense of orientation, providing an accurate virtual auditory representation of the environment is essential. This paper gives an overview of the current state of spatial audio technologies that can be incorporated in ETAs, with a focus on user requirements. Most currently available ETAs either fail to address user requirements or underestimate the potential of spatial sound itself, which may explain, among other reasons, why no single ETA has gained a widespread acceptance in the blind community.We believe there is ample space for applying the technologies presented in this paper, with the aim of progressively bridging the gap between accessibility and accuracy of spatial audio in ETAs.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1155/2018/3918284

Bridging the gap between point-of-care and laboratory standards: comparative evaluation of MedSenso and DSA glucometers against Cobas analyzers for accurate diabetes monitoring

D. U. Ozsahin Y. Waheed U. Saeed R. Tahir Z. Z. Piracha R. Uppal A. A. Khan M. R. Uppal D. U. Ozsahin A. A. Khan

Publication Name: Brazilian Journal of Biology

Publication Date: 2025-01-01

Volume: 85

Issue: Unknown

Page Range: Unknown

Description:

Diabetes mellitus remains a major global health burden, with effective management relying heavily on accurate blood glucose monitoring. Personal glucometers are widely used for daily self-checks, yet their performance must be rigorously validated against laboratory standards to ensure reliability. This study undertook a diagnostic evaluation of three glucometers, DSA, MedSenso, and the laboratory-based Cobas systems (C503 and Pro analyzers), to assess their precision and clinical applicability. In a cross-sectional design, 150 clinical samples from diabetic patients were analyzed using the DSA glucometer and Cobas C503, while an additional 200 diabetic blood samples were tested to compare MedSenso with the Cobas Pro analyzer. Ethical approval was obtained, and diagnostic parameters including sensitivity, specificity, correlation, and difference percentages were evaluated against the respective Cobas gold-standard systems. Results revealed nuanced but clinically meaningful findings. For the DSA glucometer, correlation with Cobas C503 ranged from 87.9% to 100%, with differences varying between 0.0% and 32.3%. Although entries with perfect correlation (100%) and no difference (0.0%) indicated excellent agreement, instances of high correlation coupled with significant differences highlighted systematic biases, particularly consistent over- or underestimation by the DSA device. Such discrepancies underscore the need for device-specific awareness to avoid misinformed clinical decisions. In contrast, the MedSenso glucometer demonstrated excellent agreement with Cobas Pro, showing a correlation coefficient of 0.984 and near-identical glucose results across tested samples. Its ease of use and rapid reporting make MedSenso especially promising for clinical settings where fast decision-making is essential. Collectively, the study underscores the complexity of glucose measurement in diabetes care. While the DSA glucometer requires cautious interpretation due to systematic biases, MedSenso emerges as a trustworthy and practical alternative for both clinical and routine use. These findings highlight the importance of balancing correlation strength and difference analysis in device selection, reinforcing the need for continuous validation against laboratory standards to ensure accurate and dependable diabetes management.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.284558

The implication of business intelligence in risk management: a case study in agricultural insurance

Mohammad J. Tarokh Sayyed M. Haybatollahi Sayyed M. Haybatollahi Mehran Amini Farid Yousefinejad Sara Salimi

Publication Name: Journal of Data Information and Management

Publication Date: 2021-06-01

Volume: 3

Issue: 2

Page Range: 155-166

Description:

The increasing data scales in today’s business sectors coupled with the necessity of risk management raise the importance of business intelligence tools as an integrated solution for the insurance industry. These tools have mostly been used to achieve effective risk management. Although methods of risk management in the insurance industry have been proposed many years ago, the research effort has primarily been focused on predictive analyses. This study aimed to investigate the role of business intelligence as a solution to illustrate its potential in risk management particularly for decision-makers in agricultural insurance. We hypothesized that this would make a preferable decision in uncertain conditions. Sample data from the online transaction process system of Iran agricultural insurance fund were preprocessed in SQL server. Multidimensional online analytical processing architecture was analyzed using Targit business intelligence tool. Our results identified financial risks that lead to a framework of controlling risk based on business intelligence in the agricultural insurance fund.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1007/s42488-021-00050-6

A highly accurate Mamdani fuzzy inference system for tennis match predictions

Boldizsár Tüű-Szabó László T. Kóczy

Publication Name: Fuzzy Optimization and Decision Making

Publication Date: 2025-03-01

Volume: 24

Issue: 1

Page Range: 99-127

Description:

This paper presents a Mamdani fuzzy inference system (FIS) designed for predicting tennis match outcomes with greater accuracy compared to existing models such as the Weighted Elo (WElo) ranking system. By integrating factors like historical performance, surface-specific proficiency, and recent form trends, the Mamdani FIS provides a nuanced approach to forecasting match results. Central to this method is the optimization of membership functions using a Bacterial Evolutionary Algorithm (BEA), which fine-tunes parameters to better model uncertainties inherent in sports analytics. This is the further development of Nawa and Furuhashi’s original approach of fuzzy system parameter discovery, which operates on the stricter conditions concerning the membership function shapes. The study demonstrates that the Mamdani FIS outperforms the traditional methods in both predictive accuracy and profitability of betting strategies. Through extensive validation, the model achieves higher accuracy and lower log loss metrics, indicating improved reliability in prediction outcomes. Additionally, the Mamdani FIS consistently yields higher returns on investment across various betting scenarios, showcasing its practical utility in sports betting applications. Overall, the proposed Mamdani FIS represents a robust tool for tennis match prediction, with potential extensions to other sports and predictive contexts. Future research may explore incorporating additional variables and applying this fuzzy inference approach to broader areas of sports analytics.

Open Access: Yes

DOI: 10.1007/s10700-025-09440-6